motivation and emotion

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Hobbes...wrote? said what about humans and instinct? right or left wing?: Leviathan
said humans are motivated by instinct to dominate others and maintain own freedom
right wing (conservative)
war of "all against all": Hobbes
because of this human nature was nasty, brutish and short
John Locke.. right or left wing?: reason and natural law
left wing (liberal)
Bertrand Russell suggested what about right and left wingers: suggests left wingers are democracy while right wingers are authoritarian
Darwin wrote? said what about creatures and natural selection: wrote Origin of Species
said creatures reproduce faster than nature can provide and that there is a natural selection which results in survival of the fittest
Galton suggested what: only the strong survive
british imperialism is: "white man's burden"
social darwinism is: theory that strong have the right to dominate the weak
behaviorism is that: all is learned
ethology is... one person who studied it is: biology of behavior
Konrad Lorenz (studied baby geese following himself and mother after hatching)
Lorenz wrote...argued that: wrote On Aggression
argued that aggression is innate and functional for survival
said aggression is useful bcuz it helps preserve the species or life
equilibrium between killing power and inhibitions of aggression: use of killing power as inhibitions so dont use it all the time
ex. the ravens who right vs. doves vs. wolves
ashley montagu wrote..says that..: man and aggression
says human aggression is learned and that learning is critical in human behavior, not instincts
john paul scott criticized montagu and argued that: argued that crazy for evolution to be built in invidv. without reason
catharsis doesnt occur
cooperation competition "natural law": signaling
dominance
submission
Goodall observed: chimps in natural world for longest period any species observed
studied chimps Flo(chimp mom), Figan(daughter) and Flint(son)
thought she was good mother bcuz she didnt push him away when other moms did
further findings..: north would have violent raids and attacks against south; pummel and beat to death
eventually north killed all south males and older females, took all young south females and took over entire territory
pseudospeciaton means (in terms of chimps): treat members of own species as if members of another species; treat member of own species like prey
final findings of chimp and war and killing: -intent to kill: didnt stop beatings until dead
-War similarities (only diff. between chimps and warfare was amount of planning done by humans vs. spur of the moment chimps)
psychopath is: has no feelings of bonding or attachment to anyone
within group.. aggression is modulated by... between group.. agression is modulated by..: communication
territory
root of most aggression is: attachment to own group so very hostile to others
environment theories: aggression is learned and based on environmental factors
frustration-aggression hypothesis: dollard, doob, miller, sears, mowrer
frustration is necessary and sufficient for aggression
miller said: frustration is inevitable anticedent for aggression
bandura and walters..theory? 3 factors?: social learning and personality development
3 factors:
-imitation and modeling (learn behavior by observing others)
-reinforcement(determine if behavior is performed)
-frustation(stress increases strongest responses)
Bobo doll study findings: whether punished or not, behavior is learned
Davitz frustration study: give candy to kids and at climax of movie take candy away.. put in 2 groups
cooperative group was more cooperative and competitive group was more competitive
Feshbach said: kids arent frustrated but if they were after seeing violent film, the result would be catharsis and less aggression
Berkowitz introduced what to Walters study.. and what was study about: introduced frustration
study was 2 people come into lab, one is trained to make remarks about other's school; shocked person insulting; found more aggressive if shocks deserved than not deserved
field experiments for pain cues done by..: stein and friedrich
their study was: observe nursery school classes for 4 weeks after kids had aggressive or non aggressive diets of films, then were observed for 2 weeks
result: aggresive diet increased aggressive behavior in more aggressive kids (decrease inhibitions) in 2nd 4 week period, then went back to normal after 2 weeks
moyer concluded: all theories of aggression are correct and true
6 aggressions are: predatory, inter-male, fear induced (territorial, maternal), irritable, instrumental, sex related
predatory stimulus, setting, physiology: natural prey
anywhere
lateral hypothalamus (amygdala)
inter-male stimulus, setting, physiology: male rival (assoc. with submissive and dominant display)
any
testosterone
fear induced: any threat
confined to a setting (when concerned, will fight)
amygdala
fear induced-territorial: any threat
confined to territory
testosterone/vasopressin
fear induced-maternal: any threat
young present
oxytocin prolactin
irritable stimulus, setting and physiology: any object
stressful and frustrating
stress-related(catharsis)
*frustation induced
instrumental: any object
any environment
learning and memory
*learned
sex related: sexual arousal
any
sex hormones
sex and aggression: associated with reptilian (sub cortical brain)
difficult communication (problems in emotional education and competance)
use media, modeling and imitation
Hamiliton suggests: diff. between simple and complex life forms
complicated sexuality is in simple life form
investment of offspring: males have little while females have a lot
female invested in nurturance for young and for herself
males sexual strategy is to have as many kids as possible with as many partners
morris wrote: naked ape
pointed out process of human evolution
human sexuality evolution: evolved in order to facilitate emotional bonds between male and female
-male has larger penis
-female dev. fat deposits in breasts and butt
-human female is continulously receptive (not true of other primates)
Morris and human evolution: human evolution involves getting male involved w/ caring for young; male humans have had to evolve to nurture young
money studied..: hermaphroditism; thought social learning was primary determinant of sex roles
Pre-1968 and porn: porn was illegal
16 min. stag films
found very little aggression in them
hard core vs. soft core: hard core-intercourse
soft core-everything else
slade's analysis: analyzed films- 5 in sound, 4 in color
67 out of 1333 films had rape
39 out of 368 had any violence
1968: 1st amendment protection of images-legalizes porn
8mm film came about, making porn easier to produce
mid 1970s: aggressive and sexual content increased
donnerstein study: found non-hard core, R rated films have come to depict graphic violence in sexual situations and often against women
Abelson et al. survey.. 2 questions: 1. attitudes toward porn(no consensus)
2. who are users of porn(90% of men say yes, 80% of women say yes--adults once a year while teens are frequent)
high recent experience: 5 times in 2 years
people who are more involved in media
higher in adult male, higher in adolescent females
highest consumption for men, for women?: men is 21-29
women is 18-20
study by NAVY of people in adult book stores: white, middle class, middle aged married men
found they had relatively low experience with sex related material in adolescence and high sexual interest as adults
goldstein study with sex offenders: found low exposure may be symptom of more widely disrupted sexual developement
denmark experiment with aggression: found increased aggression in men after seeing film
aggressive or erotic films did lead to aggression against women
process of before, during and after denmark study: before-got measure of attitudes
during-used aggressive and erotic films
after-debriefing

used film to argue against rape myth
findings: 60% went to end
related to conformity and "obediance"
shows how det. we are to follow social expectations
women conform more than men
men more aggressive then women (give stronger shocks)
percent of chat rooms sexually orientated: 84%
Harlow 1980's exploration of emotional development and expression: control environment of infant monkeys to learn effects of enviroment
contact comfort: when monkey spent a lot of time clinging to cloth
2 sided cage with monkeys: infant monkey only spent time in wire side for feeding and spent rest of time with cloth
Bowlby and attachment theory: said attachment to mother is critical for infant to explore environment, mother is "safe base"
Experiment with monkey in room by itself and presence of mother: -by itself, laid in fetal position and trembled
-wire mother in room made no difference
-cloth mother in room, hug mother, and after short time played happily in room
Harlow and abusive "mothers": shook, blew cold air, rejecting mother
after baby confused, hug mother harder
couldn't make baby afraid of mother
realized mother had huge effect on breeding; they couldnt do it bcuz didnt know how
Harlow and 3 stages in dev. of monkeys: 1.maternal affectional system (infancy)
2.peer affectional system (childhood)
3.heterosexual affectional system (adolescants)
maternal affectional system-necessary condition and effect of system: condition is contact comfort
effect is security and trust in baby
peer affectional system: security and trust
communicate with other monkeys
heter. affectional system: comm. with other monkeys
social organization
peer affectional system learning to communicate thru: threats, submission, warning
young baby and shot procedure and findings: procedure: mom, nurse, mom, nurse (shot), mom
findings:baby expression to pain is similar to adults expression of anger; changes to sad after shot; hand child back to parent is hurt expression
RE Miller study comm. in monkeys: press bar when light comes onto avoid shock
1st animal-no bar but had light "sender"; sent facial expression so other animal knew to press bar
2nd animal-no light but had bar "receiver"
findings... isolate and normal: found this did work
comm. was disrupted
normal->isolate:didnt look at TV, didnt respond
isolate->normal:isolate always express fear, normal couldnt distinquish between real fear and isolate's level of fear
scenic slides study: 5 kinds: sexual, scenic, pleasant people, unpleasant, unusual
procedures/findings: watched slide for 10 secs. then described feelings for another 10; rated emotional experience from pleasant to unpleasant; videotaped person and other in room asked to choose what slide they saw by reaction
found: if got less than 20% it was by chance, rest above this was communication
more findings of study: women better senders then men
good senders were extroverted with high self esteem
small physiological response to slide (lower heart rate, fewer ED responses)
internalizers vs. externaliers: i-high physio. responses, low overt response or expression
e-low physio. response, high expression
internalizing kids charac.: shy, quiet, few friends, responsible, controlled, cooperative, introverted
externalizing kids chara.: active, out going, extroverted, many friends, impulsive, hostile, bossy
Broca's area damage: aphasis (comprehend speech but can't talk)
Wernicke's area damage: receptive apahsia (talk but not comprehend)
less upset about condition bc dont understand condition
pantomine test recognition: drink glass, show pic of glass, lock, scissors and are supposed to point to glass
LHD: aphasia
non brain damage
RHD: parkinsons disease
lack of facial expressions
ekman: neurocultural model
kaheman: effortless intuition
try to hide emotion, control displays ex. headache at a party but still pretend to have fun
displays rules: control display to go along with social expectations
pseudo-spontaneous comm.: senders POV; its symbolic to deceive person of true feelings, person learned how to do this
exploratory drive and drive theory: rats
animal would choose exploration over food in a maze
White Effectance Motivation and Concept of Concept: be effective in environment by exploration to be competant (effective interaction with environment)
*curiosity has biological basis
Piaget and IQ tests: children's reasoning
from their reasoning their answers were correct
felt exploration and curiosity are basis for whole purpose
assimilate info. to certain perplexity(too complex, dont understand- too simple, dont care)
equiliberation process: info-> assimilation-> accomodate
sensory motor birth (18 months)--child behavior: act as if world is composed of stable objects
trevarthan experiment: mother interact with baby through TV; when 2 see each other, coordinate behavior; but with tape, baby gets upset bcuz cant coordinate behavior with mother
music findings: listening to music is exploratory behavior where explore own feelings
liked if it made them feel powerful; didnt like if boring
positive correlation between interested and liking video
LeDoux study of auditory systems response to fear: diff. parts respond to diff. frequencies
taught rats to respond to tone with shocks
contapical cut in rats: rat was deaf but fight or flight response remained
non-contapical cut in rats: could still hear but fight or flight turned off, goes to amygdala
auditory agnosia: rat still knew tone b/c respond by blood pressure byt couldnt consciously know
visual agnosia: connections between usual
left side of brain: analytic cognition
"systematic rationality assoc."
right side of brain: syncretic cognition
"effortless intuition"
social motives of emtion: behavior is response to social expectations (school, job)
1930s study by Sherif: auto-kinetic phenomenon
in dark room, pt. of light distance away, will seem to move even though stationary; entirely SUBJECTIVE
if 2 people in room together with diff. opinions originally: come together to form group norm; if someone offers outrageous guess, others would est. high estimate close to theirs
Asch and social influence study: ask people simple questions; ex. box same length?
8 people in room, only 1 person in real study
social pressure trials: give obviously wrong answer
1/3 of time, people conform to group
1 person gave right answer, conformity = 0
*any support, person gives right answer
Milgram study of teacher and student: 2 people in study; learner strapped in chair while teacher told to give shock for every wrong answer
predictions by psychs: more than half stop after 150 volt mark
02% went to end
Bettelheim and 3 stages of adapting to environment: prisoners and guards
stage one: actions were doing things contrary to their values
handle prison by built up attachments to outside (news, talk about life)
opennly said not allow experience to change person
stage two: took attitude must adjust to conditions of camp
didnt talk about previous life, resisted news and contact with outside
stage three: group goes along with guard
walk, talk, dress like guard
need to identify with guard
didnt care about outside
Steiner terms: stage one-compliance(do it bcuz supposed to)
stage two-identification
stage three-internalization(adjust to prison, called Easy Time)

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Number of cards 120