Mammalogy lecture exam 1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is the function of the pterygoideus muscles?
- lateral movments of the lower jaw
- Which three bones have involvement in closing the jaw?
- massteral, temporal and the pterygoideus
- What is a tribospehnic tooth?
- the last type of tooth,gives crushing function during occlusion
- What are the layers of a tooth?
-
dentine-inner
covered by enamel - What is the hardest tissue in mammals?
- enamel
- Between the incisors or the incisors and canines what is the space called there?
- diastema
-
Where did mammals originate from and what are they called now?
Where did birds and lizards originate from? what are they called now? -
originated from anapsid-called modified synapsid, ancestral therapsid
orginated from anapsid, called diapsid - When did mammals appear?
- during the Mesozoic era, triassic period
- What is the skull characteristic of the Synapsida?
- single temporal opening low on the side of the skull surrounded by the postorbital, squamosal, and jugal bones
- What is the definition of anapsid, synapsid, and diapsid? what type of animals are they?
-
anapsid-no temporal opening-lizards
synapsid-one single opening-mammals
diapsid-two single openings-birds, lizards - What is diphyodont?
- two generations of teeth, juvenile and adult
- What are therapsids?
- groups of mammallike reptiles, directly ancestral to mammals.
- What is the function of the hyomandibular bone?
- associated with jaw and inner ear, way to transfer sound
- How many occiptal condyles do reptiles and mammals have?
-
mammals-2
reptiles-1 - What is therodont?
- teeth are inserted in the dermis-highly rooted
- What is the function of the pterygoid muscles?
- side to side movement of the jaw
- What is the hallmark of marsupials?
- the epipubic bones
- What makes the blood flow to the head?
- carotid artery
- How does a fish have blood pump?
- ventral aorta (4 aortic arches) pumps deoxygenated blood and sends it into capillaries that are associated with gills
- Where does the oxygenated blood go to the body at in mammals?
- on the left side of the body
- What is the portal system like in sharks? and why?
- 2 capillary beds with no heart between..b/c its safety to keep toxins out from bypassing through the heart
- What are the three main blood flows to the heart in amphibians and reptiles?
- jugulars, hepatics, postcava and veins
- What is the difference betweent he amphibian/reptiles blood system compared to mammals?
- they have a renal/portal system coming from the tail
- In larval fishes which way does blood flow?
- from the rear
- Where do the jugulars dump into?
- into the precava
- Where do special nutrients and food occur in mammals?
- in the appendix
- What is coprophasy?
- eating shit, all the good stuff that was formed by the intestinal secum-digestive material
- What is the function of the rumen?
- section of the stomach that is fast food consumption, fermentation, extremely acidic b/c formed by bacteria-protozoa
- Describe the sections of the stomach.
-
reticulum-bee hive
omasum- layers - What part attaches to the stomach that leads to the small intestines?
- the duodenum
- What is the part of the kidney that only mammals have and what is its function?
- the Loop of Henle-gives them the ability to concentrate urine
- What does blood pressure do for mammals?
- forces fluid salt out of capillary bed
- What is the primary function of the kidney in the fish, marine fish and mammals?
-
freshwater fish-water pump
marine fish- get rid of little water, and get rid of a lot of salt
mammals-get rids of urea, salt and little water - What are the parts of the mammalian brain and their functions?
-
cerebral cortex-sensory input
cerebrum-motor output
there was a change in the cerebrum-much larger, new corpus callosum and gray matter
cerebellum-fine movement - What is the functions of the semi-circular canals in the ears?
- 3D movement
- What is a huge difference in the ears of different species for the mammals?
- the cochlea, an extension of hte lagena
- What are birds?
- modern reptiles
- What is the earliest known synapsid reptiles?
- Pelycosauria and Dimetrodon
- How do you know if a reptile is on its way to becoming a synapsid?
- make jaws longer than typical reptiles
- After the Therapsids what come next? and what does it mean?
- Cyodontia, dog jaw
- For synapsid reptiles where were the teeth located?
- on the hard palate
- How did Pelycosaurs thermoregulate?
- aborbed heat, and then cool on own, walked like salamanders
- How can you tell a Pelycosaur from a Cynodont?
- has a secondary hard palate, zygomatic arch doesn't exist at first
- How do the Cynodonts walk?
- like a dog
- How do you tell you are seeing a reptile rather than a mammal?
- they have cervical ribs
- How did cynodontia advance?
- advanced from herbivores to carnivores, started losing ribs in abdominal region
- When did the zygomatic arch appear?
- in the thoracis animals-cynodonts and therapsids
- How many bones does the lower jaw for vertebrates and mammals have?
-
vertebrates-more than one
mammals-only dentary - What is the angular process?
- where the coronoid process and masseter attach
- What is thecodont?
- rooted in sockets
- What is the function of the dermis?
- leather-connected tissue-stretch, strength, pull
- What is the function of the epidermis?
- keeps water-keeps from dying out
- What are the layers of of the teeth?
-
pulp cavity-inside
dentine-2nd layer
cementum-holds teeth in
enamel-outer layer - What is lophodont? hyposodont? bunodont?
-
short tooth, high crowned tooth,
rounded cusps - What is tritubercular?
- teeth with three major cusps
- What are sebaceous glands?
- oil glands
- What do sweat glands give off? how does it work?
- sodium chloride, urea, NH4, salt pump, water follows-osmosis
- What are the functions of the arteries and the veins?
- the veins take blood away from capillary bed, arteries to capillary bed
- How does fur keep mammals warm?
- the more hair the more air trapped
- What is vasoconstrict?
- stop blood flow when cold to keep heat
- What are horns made of?
- basically keratin
- Where is the milk stored in a teat?
- in a cistern
- What is the rhinarium?
- sensory tip of the snouth in mammals
- Why are Metatherians called marsupials?
- for the marsupium pouch in which young are carried
- What are the three orders of Marcupials..there Infraclass and subclass name as well.?
-
Subclass- Theria
Infraclass- Metatheria
Order- Didelphimorphia-oppossums
Order-Paucituberculata-rat oppossums
Order-Dasyuromorphia - What did Metatheria originate from?
-
saber tooth tiger-Thylacosmilus
Argyrolagidae
Borhyaena - Which Metatherian order were carnivores and where did they come from?
-
Dasyuromorphia
came from Australia - What is diactyl and monodactyl?
-
the second and third digits of the forelimb are large and have hooflike claws,
monodactyl-only the forth toe is used for running - What is a character unique to only Peramelemorphs?
- ectouneiform bone makes a broad contact with the proximal end of the fourth metatarsal and partially supports this digit.
- What are all the families of the order Diprotodontia?
- Phascolarctidae, Vombatidae, Phalangeridae
- Which mammal has the largest secum?
- koala bear
- What is polyphodont?
- many incisor teeth oriented vertically
- What is diprotodont?
- 2 teeth oriented forward
- What is the smallest living embryo's family's name?
- Acrobatidae
- What is the family's name that has the largest male sperm?
- Acrobatidae
- Which family has the smallest gliding animal?
- Acrobatidae
- What is coprophagy?
- reingestion of feces
- What is embryonic diapause?
- the young remain in the pouch for over two months
- What is bilophodont?
- cheek teeth having an occlusal pattern with paired transverse ridges or lophs.
- Which Order had the earliest fossils?
- Insectivora
- What does the Insectivora Order include?
- hedgehogs, moles, tenrecs, golden moles, solenodons and shrews
- Which orders in the Metatheria infraclass are more advanced athan the other marsupials?
- Diprotodontia
- Describe the skull of an insectivore.
- inflected angular process, large mnadibular area and masseter area. smooth cerebral hemisphere, tympanic ring, no auditory bulla, jugal bone makes up zygomatic arch, sometimes not present maxiallary bone (also makes up zygomatic arch)
- What do Brush tail possums resemble?
- monkeys
- Which possum is the world's smallest of all them in Australia? What family?
- Burramyidae, pygmy possum
- What is something unique about the Petauridae family?
- the 4th digit is 1 1/2 times the length of the other digits..used for extracting stuff
- What is tribosphenic?
- 3 cusps arranged dentition
- What are the families in the order Insectivora?
- Erinaceidae, Tenrecidae, Soricidae, Talpidae, Chrysochloridae
- What are the two subfamilies of Erinaceidae?
- Erinaceinae (hedgehogs) and the Hylomyinae (moon rats or gymnures)
- What is heterothermic?
- can regulate body temperature physiologically
- What family is the golden moles family equivalent to?
- the marsupial moles, Notorycidae
- Which insectivora family has a electroreceptors on the nose?
- Talpidae
- Which insectivora family has poisonous salivary glands?
- Solenodontidae
- Which insectivora family is only found on Madagascar?
- Tenrecidae
- What is the largest and most important insectivore family?
- Soricidae family
- What is the Dehnel's phenomenon?
- animals born in the fall stay small, shrews born in the spring grow larger
- What is the weight of the smallest living mammal?
- 2 grams
- What are all the families of the Insectivora order?
- Solenodontidae, Tenrecidae, Chrysochloridae, Erinaceidae, Soricidae, Talpidae
- What is the post-orbital process?
- protects the eye and acts as a muscle attachment site
- What is echolocation?
- a means of perceiving the environment even in the darkness or varied lighting conditions
- What is a tragus?
- a fleshy projection of the anterior border of the ear opening
- What is one unique thing about the Cynocephalidae family?
- the canines are double rooted.
- Which Old world bat family is the most important?
- Rhinolophidae
- What do vampires have in their saliva that helps with their diet?
- anticoagulant, retards clotthing,
- What are the primates included in the strepsirhini suborder?
- Lemuridae, galagonidae,daubentoniidae, Loridae,Indridae, Cheirogaleidae
- What primates are included in the haplorhini suborder?
- Tarsiidae, Cercopithecidae, Cebidae, Callitrichidae, Hylobatidae, Hominidae
- What is a hemochorial placenta?
- capillaries of the chorion burrow into the uterine wall, making direct contact iwth the maternal blood
- What is the epitheliochorial placenta?
- where the capillaries are separated from maternal blood by the uterine lining
- What family has the smallest new world primates?
- Callitrichidae, marmosets
- What are ischial collasities?
- the red circles on the back of a monkeys butt
- What is Platyrhini?
- nose opens to front
- What is Catyrhini?
- new world, nose opens to side
- What are Mangabeys?
- tree dwelling monkeys, not a baboons, well developed thumbs