Anatomy and Physiology ~ Unit 6! Sections 3-4
Terms
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- Integumentary System
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System pertaining to the skin; both a membrane (covers body) and organ (several kinds of tissue);
Functions: protection-UV rays, pathogens (germs), etc.
Sensory perception-help respond to pain, pressure, etc.
Body temp. Regulation- blood vessels help retain or lose heat
Storage- stores fat, glucose, water, vitamins, salts
Absorption- medicine (called transdermal medicine)
Excretion- eliminate salt and excess water (perspiration)
Production-produce vitamin D from UV rays and skin compounds - Epidermis
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the outermost layer of skin; made of five to six smaller layers but no blood vessels or nerve cells;
stratum corneum and stratum germinativum - Dermis
- corium-"true skin"; has framework of elastic connective tissue and contains blood vessels; lumph vessels; nerves; involuntary muscle; sweat and oil glands; and hair follicles
- Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis
- innermost layer; made of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and andipose (fatty) tissue, connects the skin to underlying muscles
- Sudoriferous glands
- Sweat glands; coiled tubes that extend through dermis and open on the surface of the skin at pores
- Sebaceous glands
- Oil glands that usually open onto hair follicles; produce sebum, an oil that keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle
- Alopecia
- Baldness, usually pertaining to males; permanent loss of hair on scalp
- Dilate
- Get larger; blood vessels dilate and excess heat from blood can escape through skin
- Constrict
- Ger smaller; blood vessels constrict and heat is retained in body
- Albino
- a person with an absence of color pigments; skin has pinkish tint and hair is pale yellow or white; eyes are red and sensative to light
- Erythema
- Reddish color of the skin that can be caused by either burns or a congestion of blood in the vessels
- Jaundice
- Yellow discoloration of the skin, can indicate bile in the blood as a result of liver or gallbladder disease; also occurs in conjunction with certain diseases that involve destruction of red blood cells
- Cyanosis
- Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by insufficient oxygen; associated with heart, lung, and circulatory diseases or disorders
- Macules (macular rash)
- flat spots on the skin, such as freckles
- Pauples (papular rash)
- firm, raised areas such as pimples and the eruptions seen in some stages of chickenpox and syphilis
- Vesicles
- Blisters, or fliud-filled sacs, such as those seen in chickenpox
- Pustules
- Pus-filled sacs such as those seen in acne or pimples
- Crusts
- Areas of dried pus and blood, commonly called "scabs"
- Wheals
- Itchy, elevated areas with an irregular shape; hives and insect bites are examples
- Ulcer
- A deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may bause periodic bleeding and the formation of scars
- Acne Vulgaris
- an inflammation of the sebaceous glands; cause is unknown but usually occurs in adolescence
- Athlete's foot
- a contagious funcus infection that usually affects the feet; skin itches, blisters, and cracks into open sores
- Cancer of the skin
- Occurs in different forms such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma; often developes from a mole or nevus that changes in color, shape, size, or texture
- Dermatitis
- Inflammation of the skin, can be caused by many factors and is frequently an allergic reaction to detergents, cosmetics, pollen, or certain foods;<br />Symptoms:dry skin, erythems, itching, edema, macular-papular rashes, scaling
- Eczema
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Noncontagious inflammatory skin disorder caused by an allergen or irritant; diet, cosmetics, soaps, medications, and emotional stress can cause eczema;
Symptoms: dryness, erythema, edema, itching, vesicles, crusts, and scaling - Impetigo
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Highly contagious skin infection usually caused by streptococci or staphylococci organisms;
Symptoms: oozing vesicles, pustules, and yellow crust; - Psoriasis
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Chronic, noncontagious, inherited skin disease;
Symptoms: thick, red areas covered w/ white or silver scales; no cure but can be treated - Ringworm
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Highly contagious funcus infection of skin or scalp;
Symptoms: formation of flat or raised circular area w/ clear central area surrounded by an itchy, scaly, or crusty outer ring - Verrucae
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Warts; caused by a viral infection of the skin
Symptoms: rough, hard, elevated, rounded surface on skin; some disappear on their own, others need treatment - Skeletal system
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made of organs: bones; adult human has 206 bones;
Functions: framework, protection (vital organs), levers (help provide movement), production of blood cells (red, white, and platelets), storage (calcium) - Diaphysis
- long part of bone
- Epiphysis
- two ends of the bone
- Medullary canal
- Cavity in the diaphysis; inner portion of a long bone
- Yellow marrow
- Soft tissue in the diaphyses of long bones; mainly fat cells
- Endosteum
- Membrane that lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow intact; also produces some bone growth
- Red marrow
- Soft tissue in the epiphyses of long bones; produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets, and some white blood cells; it is used to diagnose blood diseases and is sometimes transplanted in people w/ defective immune systems
- Periosteum
- Fibrous membrane that covers the bones except at joint areas; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts (cells that form new bone tissue); it is necessary for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
- Axial skeleton
- Forms the main trunk of the body and is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone
- Appendicular skeleton
- Forms the extremeties and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones
- Cranium
- Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain; made of eight bones: one frontal, two parietal, two temporal, one occipital, one ethmoid, and one sphenoid
- Fontanels
- "soft spots" allow for enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs; made of membrane and cartilage and turn into solid bone by about 18 months of age
- Sutures
- areas where the cranial bones have joined together
- Sinuses
- air spaces in bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice; lined with mucous membranes
- Foramina
- Openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bones
- Vertebrae
- 26 bones that make up the spinal column; protect spinal cord and provide support for the head and trunk
- Intervertebral disks
- pads of cartilage tissue that separate the vertebrae; they act as shock absorbers and permit bending and twisting movements of the vertebral column
- Ribs
- also known as costae; there are 12 pairs; attach to thoracic vertebrae on the dorsal surface of the body
- True ribs
- First seven pairs of ribs; attach directly to the sternum, or breastbone, on the front of the body
- False ribs
- Next (middle) 5 pairs of ribs; first three pairs of false ribs attach to cartilage of the rib above
- Floating ribs
- Last two pairs of false ribs; they have no attachment on the front of the body
- Sternum
- breastbone; the last bone of the axial skeleton; consists of three parts, manubrium (upper region), body, and xiphoid process (small piece of cartilage at the bottom)
- Clavicles
- Collarbones, helps make up the shoulder, or pectoral girdle
- Scapulas
- Shoulder bones; provide for attachment of the upper arm bones; helps make up shoulder, or pectoral girdle
- Humerus
- Long bone of upper arm
- Radius
- Bone in lower arm on thumb side
- Ulna
- Larger bone of lower arm with a projection called the olecranon process at its upper end, forming the elbow
- Carpals
- eight bones that make up the wrist
- Metacarpals
- Five bones that make up the palm of the hand
- Phalanges
- Fourteen bones that make up the fingers
- Ox Coxae
- Two bones that make up the pelvic girdle; hip bones
- Femur
- Thigh bone in leg; longest and strongest bone in body
- Patella
- Kneecap bone
- Tibia
- Inner and larger bone of the lower leg, between the knee and ankle
- Fibula
- Outer and smaller bone of the lower leg
- Tarsal
- One of seven bones that forms the instep of the foot
- Metatarsal
- Bone of the foot between the instep and each toe; there are five
- Joints
- An articulation, or area where two bones meet or join together
- Ligaments
- Fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
- Diarthrosis
- Freely moveable; examples include the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip, or the hinge joints of the elbow and knee
- Amphiarthrosis
- Slightly moveable; an example is the vertebrae
- Symarthrosis
- Immovable; an example is the cranium
- Arthritis
- A group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints; two main types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- The most common form of arthritis; usually occurs as a result of aging; usually affects hips and knees; joint pain, stiffness, aching, and limited range of motion; there is no cure but there are treatments
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Chronic, inflammatory disease affecting the connective tissues and joints; three times more common in women than in men and usually is between ages 35-45; attacks can cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone/muscle tissue
- Bursitis
- An inflammation of the bursae, small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints; frequently affects the shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees; symptoms include severe pain, limited movement, and fluid accumulation in the joint
- Fracture
- A crack or break in a bone; types include greenstick, simple/closed, compound/open, impacted, comminuted, spiral, depressed, colles
- Greenstick fracture
- The bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children
- Simple/closed fracture
- Complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin
- Compound/open fracture
- Bone breaks and ruptures through the skin; creates an increased chance of infection
- Impacted fracture
- Broken bone ends jam into each other
- Comminuted fracture
- Bone fragments or splinteers into more than two pieces
- Spiral fratures
- Bone twists resulting in one or more breaks; common in skiing and skating accients
- Depressed fractures
- A broken piece of skull bone mobes inward; common with severe head injuries
- Colle fractures
- Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand
- Reduction of a fracture
- Before a fracture can heal, the bone must be put back into its proper alignment
- Closed reduction of a fracture
- involves positioning the bone in correct alignment, usually with traction, and applying a cast or splint to maintain position until fracture heals
- Open reduction of a fracture
- Involves surgical repair of the bone; sometimes special pins, plates, or other devices are surgically implanted to maintain correct position of the bone
- Dislocation
- When a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint; frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips; after dislocation is reduced (bone is replaced in the joint), the dislocation is immobilized with a splint, cast, or traction
- Sprain
- When a twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint; wrists an ankles are common sites; symptoms include pain, swelling, discoloration, and limited movement
- Osteomyelitis
- A bone inflammation usually caused by a pathogenic organism; infectious organisms cause formation of an abscess withing bone and accumulation of pus in medullary canal; sumptoms include pain at site, swelling, chills, and fever, antibiotics are used
- Osteoporosis
- Increased porosity or softening of the bones; metabolic disorder caused by a hormone deficiency, prolonged lack of calcium in diet, and sedentary lifestyle; treatment includes increased intake of calcium and vitamin D; medications to increase bone mass, exercise, and/or estrogen replacement
- Ruptured disk
- Also called a herniated or slipped disk, occurs when an intervertebral disk (pad of cartilage separating vertebrae) ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on spinal nerve; can occur anywhere on spinal column; symptoms include severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness
- Kyphosis
- "hunchback"; rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area
- Scoliosis
- Side-to-side, or lateral, curvature of the spine
- Lordosis
- "Swayback"; an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar region; poor posture, structural defects of the vertebrae, malnutrition, and degeneration of vertebrae can all be causes