AP US/VA History Test #1
Terms
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- tea
- popular import of colonies
- pinon huts
- When the marshlands dried up, Great Basin Indians depended on WHAT?
- Columbian Exchange
- "forced and unforced movements of people, animals, plants, and disease-bearing germs" (between Europe, West Africa, and the New World)
- Christianity
- Long-term effect of GA: led some Africans and Native Americans to combine traditional culture with what religion?
- 90%
- what percent of indentured servants were unmarried males?
- totem poles
- display power in Northwest Coast villages
- rationalists
- emphasized that humans can/should better themselves
- fertile land
- What type of land in Cahokia?
- women
- Long-term effect of GA: who was given more prominence?
- Quakers
- Berkeley and Carter sold "New Jersey" to WHAT GROUP?
- Great Awakening peak
- 1742
- West Africans
- In the "Atlantic World" what group of people were used as slaves?
- Anthony Ashley Cooper
- Who was a proprietor of North Carolina who offered immigrants "headrights" in 1669?
- John Adams
- rising young Massachusetts politician
- Henry Hudson
- Dutch explorer who sailed up the "Hudson River" (wink, wink, nudge, nudge), discovered land, claimed it for the Dutch
- Quakers, Anglicans, and Congregationalists
- Long-term effect of GA: marked decline in influence of what three religious groups?
- Mississippians
- first full-time farmers in the East who lived on the flood plains of the Mississippi River and its major tributaries
- William Penn
- a Quaker, proprietor of the last unallocated tract of American territory at the king's disposal
- civil war
- What erupted in 1642 in England when Charles I imposed taxes without Parliament consent?
- fish, mussels, game, wild plants
- Cahokia- river yielded WHAT? uplands yielded WHAT?
- Hopewell culture
- more complex and widespread culture than Adena
- sugar cane
- Dutch merchants encouraged English (and French) planters to raise and process WHAT?
- New France
- Champlain established what colony at Quebec in 1608?
- Benjamin Franklin
- 1732- published "Poor Richard's Almanack", at 42 years old retire/devote time to science and community service, 1752- kite, lightning= electricity, 1743- "American Philosophical Society"
- 45%
- percent of average rural voting
- assembly
- only political body subject to control by colonists, not English officials
- Baptist and Presbyterian
- Long-term effect of GA: increased membership for what churches?
- Board of Trade
- monitors American developments
- "beaver wars"
- between 1648 and 1657, Iroquois vs. Hurons and other French allies
- Bill of Rights
- foundation of politics and government in the colonies (English)
- log cabin
- New Sweden introduced...
- religious colleges
- Long-term effect of GA: led to formation of what institutions?
- acorns
- Native Americans on coast and in valleys of "California" coordinated processing WHAT?
- Anne Hutchinson
- argued that ministers who scrutinized a person's outward behavior for "signs" of salvation were discarding God's judgement in favor of their own (challenged New England Way)
- New France
- chief imports= wine and brandy, chief export= fur
- John Rolfe
- Englishman who married Pocahontas after the war
- Farming
- What north of Mesoamerica was difficult due to harsh environments and more practical alternatives to obtaining food?
- plazas
- Mississippian centers rose around what?
- New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
- Middle Colonies
- tobacco, lumber, pitch
- North Carolinians exported WHAT three goods? ("tarheels")
- slash-and-burn
- What method of farming did the Woodland people use because it was good economically and environmentally?
- Royal African Company
- During the 1690s, what group began shipping slaves directly to Chesapeake?
- Bacon Rebellion
- In response to Maryland's definition of slavery, some black and white laborers joined what group?
- Incas
- located in Andes Mountains on Western Coast of South America, constructed terraced irrigation systems
- Enlightenment
- ideas of English thinkers influenced by WHAT?
- economically
- 1713= peace; Britain, France, and Spain focus on competing HOW? (not militarily)
- Church of England
- What was Virginia's established church? (unlike Puritan New England)
- Netherlands
- one of the most devoutly Calvinist regions of Europe
- George Keith
- urged Quakers to train ministers
- Half-Way Covenant
- children of baptized adults, (grandparents were saints though) could be baptized
- half
- How many of the "Mayflower" colonists died in the first four months while the rest were helped by English-speaking Native Americans?
- Puritans
- What group believed in emphasis on family structure with a male "head of household"?
- separatist Puritans
- About half of the expedition leaders and the members from the "Mayflower" were WHAT group?
- trade/warfare
- How was wealth of chiefs and elites strengthened in Northwest Coast villages?
- Navigation Acts
- articulated Britain's mercantilist policies, governed commerce between England and its colonies
- bow and arrow
- What did Eskimos and Aleuts introduce in North America?
- Aztecs
- migrated from the north during the 13th century, conquered cities around Lake Texcoco and eventually extended domain north to the Gulf Coast, capital was Tenochtitlan, created chinampas
- King Philips' War
- What war resulted in reducing southern New England's Indian population by 40%?
- John Winthrop
- Who had a vision of a "religiously-oriented community sustained by a sense of reciprocity"?
- Colbert
- France's most forceful proponent of mercantilism
- Sir Isaac Newton
- who stated Laws of Gravity?
- Southwest
- Except WHERE did men=women?
- Cartier and Verrazano
- first French explorers to North America were WHOM? (in 1541)
- punish psychologically
- Instead of punishing physically, how did Native Americans punish children?
- Maryland
- What state defined slavery as "a lifelong, inheritable racial status" in 1661? (and in 1670, Virginia defined it the same way also)
- John Smith
- Virginia company of London called on WHO for leadership? (he was my first crush hahaha)
- Philadelphia
- Penn arrived WHERE and called it "City of Brotherly Love"?
- work gangs
- John Smith organized WHAT to ensure sufficient housing and food for winter?
- Glorious Revolution
- colonial legislatures/assemblies = major political force
- Roman Catholics
- France and Spain limited non-slave immigration to WHAT GROUP during the first half of 18th century?
- Cahokia
- center of most powerful Mississippian centers, located near modern St. Louis, reigned supreme for about 2.5 centuries in the Mississippi valley?
- mother's oldest brother
- In some Native American societies, (ex: Iroquois) the primary male figure in a child's life was WHO?
- West Indies
- French planters import African slaves from WHERE to produce sugar
- Northwest Coast villages
- devoted brief annual periods to catching salmon (and other fish), stored and dried it, and ate it throughout the year?
- Pacific Coast
- sedentary societies (based on fishing or gathering) located WHERE?
- patroons
- Dutch name for "manor lords"
- little farming
- How much farming in Hopewell culture between 7th and 12th centuries AD?
- Grand Banks fisheries
- French (and other European fishermen) worked where?
- English Catholics
- Which religious group did Lord Baltimore wish to create a haven for?
- Cromwell
- After Charles I was beheaded by Puritans in 1649, what Puritan leader rose? (he raised New Englander's hopes of establishing a "truly reformed" church)
- Governor William Cosby
- 1733- WHO suspended principal rival, Lewis Morris?
- Christianity
- When European farmers changed the landscape by deforestation and introduced new animals, it cut back on Native American resources, led to the demoralization of Native Americans, they began drinking (alcohol) and converted to WHAT religion?
- Virginia Company
- WHAT GROUP established the first representative legislature in North America in 1619?
- Molasses Act of 1773
- taxed all foreign molasses (6p/gallon)
- John Locke
- Cooper and HIS SECRETARY devised a plan for settlement and government, "Fundamental Constitutions of North Carolina"
- trans-atlantic ports
- by mid-century Philadelphia, New York City, Boston, and Charles Town had emerged as major WHATs?
- Hopewell culture
- spread from Ohio Valley to Iroquois River Valley
- beaver skins
- French traded with Beothuk Indians for WHAT item?
- Queen Elizabeth I
- What ruler of England shifted to a militantly anti-Catholic foreign policy?
- South Carolinians
- What group raised livestock and exported deerskins and Indian slaves?
- Thomas Weston
- Who sent colonists to Virginia in a ship called the "Mayflower"?
- Battle of Lake Champlain
- killed three war leaders of Mohawks, end of casual Indian-European encounters in the Northeast and the beginning of diplomacy
- John Locke
- English philosopher, 1690- "Essay Concerning Human Understanding", ideas aren't innate- toilsome investigation needed
- diptheria
- 1737/1738- epidemic of WHAT disease?
- Gilbert Tennent
- 1740- "The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry", undermined minister's authority -> creates uncertainty
- New England Way
- "establishing a colony based on religious ideals, separate from state"
- Plymouth Bay
- Where did the "Mayflower" land in November, 1620?
- women
- Who did most of the cultivating in farming societies?
- Samuel D. Champlain
- French sent WHAT other explorer to establish a colony in order to deter other European competitors?
- indentured servants
- Slavery replaced what group? (for economic reasons)
- Quakers
- What group was originated by George Fox, appealed strongly to people of lower status, emerged in the late 17th century, the core was the belief that the Holy Spirit, "Inner Light" could inspire every soul?
- mercantilism
- set of political-economic assumptions that are aimed at making a nation economically as self-sufficient as possible (was the root of imperial practices for Britain, France, and Spain
- Carolina Piedmont
- exports: grain, livestock, tobacco
- grain, livestock, fish, lumber, or rum
- 60% of colonial exports were...
- Cartier
- What French explorer erected a fortified settlement on Stadacona Indian island, was involved in skirmishes, French abandoned colony (diseases), and brought people to St. Lawrence Valley initally?
- military discipline
- John Smith brought order through WHAT?
- Spanish and civil war between French Catholics and Huguenots
- French's colonization efforts hindered by what two factors?
- Hopewell
- Cahokia and other Mississippian societies drew on WHOSE beliefs as they developed institutions?
- Sir Walter Raleigh
- obtained a royal patent to start a colony in Roanoke Island
- Indians
- Who brough Cahokians raw materials?
- Francis Drake
- English explorer, sailed around the world (1577-1580)
- buffalo
- Favorite animal for Plains Indians to hunt
- Mohawks
- Dutch traders came to area that Hudson discovered, and traded with WHAT group of Indians? (after building Fort Nassau and establishing it as "New Netherland")
- slavery
- What did colonies officially recognize and regulate by law after 1660?
- tobacco, rice, furs, indigo, and naval stores
- mainland colonies' 5 major "enumerated" exports
- George Whitefield
- English preacher, inspired colonists to change Protestantism in British America
- sea mammals/caribou
- Western Alaska- Eskimos and Aleuts hunted WHAT?
- slave labor
- Raising sugarcane required more WHAT?
- Ireland
- After 1565, Anglo-Spanish rivalry extend WHERE?
- Governor William Phips
- Who pardoned all accused of witchcraft in 1693?
- James, Duke of York
- Charles II gave "New York" (hint) to WHO?
- contract
- Puritans believe that matrimony isn't a religious sacrament, it's WHAT?
- Iroquois Confederacy
- (League of the Iroquois) based on the condolence ritual, was created when all tribes of Iroquois submerged differences and created a council of chiefs
- 1500 AD
- By what date did 75 million people inhabit Western Hemisphere and cluster in urbanized areas of Mesoamerica and South America?
- Roger Williams
- argued that civil government should be uninvolved in religious matters (challenged New England Way)
- Scots-Irish
- after 1718- WHAT GROUP fled to America in order to escape rack renting (frequent sharp increases in farm rents)?
- African slaves
- Rice farmers benefit by having what group work on the rice fields? (knowledge of rice planting, and immunity to diseases)
- "Indian trade"
- Glass beads and cloth began to be produced in Europe specifically for WHAT?
- New Netherland
- North America's first multi-ethnic colony
- chief
- Who is related to the sun in Mississippian culture?
- trade networks
- How did Hopewell culture have extensive religious and technological influence?
- Great Awakening
- 1739- revival of European Protestantism in British America
- James I
- What ruler of England signed a charter, granting land in Virginia to joint-stock companies to fund money for colonies?
- peak
- Cahokia, by 1200
- Monk's Mound
- four-terraced structure
- Lord Baltimore
- Who was a favored English politician who was given the first grant of land in 1632, named the territory Maryland? (also called Calvert!)
- Kieft's War
- named for governor who ordered a massacre of previously friendly Indians who were protesting settler encroachments on Long Island
- "headrights"
- Virginia Company awards WHAT "pay for passage, they become indentured servants, usually labor 4-7 years)
- William Penn
- 1664- Duke of York awarded New Jersey to a group of proprietors- WHO, John Lord Berkeley, and Sir Philip Carteret
- French Huguenots
- Who established a base in "South Carolina" in 1562? (Calvinists)
- tobacco
- John Rolfe adapted what plant to soil and conditions in Virginia?
- river-born trade networks
- What type of networks did the Mississippian culture have?
- 1654
- What year did the Protestant majority ban Catholics from voting, and repealed the toleration act?
- Powhatans
- John Smith maintained a good relationship with WHAT group of Indians?
- Anasazi culture
- created unique apartment architecture and kivas, became most powerful people in the Southwest at their time, height of culture was around 900 and 1150, came to an end in 12th and 13th centuries
- Bank of England
- created in 1694 to ensure a stable money supply and to lay the foundation for a network of lending institutions
- Black Protestantism
- Long-term effect of GA: beginning of what branch of religion?
- sun
- In Mississippian religious ceremonies, what is the source of agricultural fertility?
- Act for Religious Toleration
- drafted by Lord Baltimore, affirmed liberty of worship
- King Charles II
- Provisional government crowned WHO (king) after Charles I was beheaded?
- status
- What was exemplified in burial services and types of graves in Cahokia?
- during 1650's
- When did the legislature of Virginia split into two chambers- the House of Burgesses and the Governor's Council?
- Predestination
- Termed by French theologian John Calvin to be "an omnipotent God predestined most sinful humans to hell, saving only a few in order to demonstrate his power and grace"
- Enlightenment
- ideals that combined "confidence in human reason with skepticism towards beliefs not founded on science or strict logic"
- bumper crops
- Pennsylvania= rich, level lands and lengthy growing season -->?
- 1st Navigation Act
- enacted by Parliament, requiring that colonial trade be carried on in English-or colonial-owned vessels to take trade control from Dutch Merchants