Chapter 6-10 US History
Terms
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- Antifederalists
- Opposed the ratification of the Consitution; states' rightists; concerned that the Constitution contained no Bill of Rights
- Article of Confederation
- Ratified in 1781, US's first Constitution. Sharply limited central authority by denying the national government any taxation or coercive power
- Bill of Rights
- The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, adopted in 1791; product of Antifederalist influence; protects individual liberties against the power of national government
- Electoral college
- Constitutional Convention adopted this system as a method of electing presidents. Each state had electors equal in number to its representation in Congress.
- Federalists
- Advocated ratification of the constitution; Centralizing nationalists
- Federalist Papers
- Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison produced this series of essays explaining and defending the stronger national government created by the Constitutional Convention of 1787
- Land Ordinance of 1785
- Provided for the surveying and sale of America's Western territories. It favored speculative land development companies, but it promoted nationalism
- New Jersey Plan
- James Madision offered the Constitutional Convention the Virginia Plan calling for proportional representation in Congres. William Paterson's _______ ______ _______, hoping to protect the less populous states, called for equal representation in Congress for each state. This controversy was settled by the Great Compromise
- Northwest Ordinance
- Formulated plans for governments in America's northwestern territories, defined a procedure for the territories' admission to the Union as states, and prohibited slavery North of the Ohio River
- Ratification
- The Founding Fathers agreed to submit their Constitution for _____ by specially called state conventions. This procedure gave the Constitution the endorsement of the people, and it also bypassed the state legislatures, where many opposed the national government the Constitution created
- Shays's Rebellion
- Daniel _____, a veteran of Bunker Hill, led an armed rebellion of farmers in western Massachusetts to prevent state courts from foreclosing on debtors unable to pay their taxes. The rebellion convinced nationalists that to suppress or inhibit such rebellions, the nation needed a stronger national government
- Virginia Plan
- James Madison offered the Constitutional Convention the ________ ______ calling for proportional representation in Congress.
- John Adams
- Washington's vice president and defeated Jefferson for the presidency in the election of 1796. During his term he resisted his party's demand for war with France, but lost his bid for reelection in 1800
- Alien and Sedition Acts
- 1798, Federalist Congress passed these acts to attack the Republican party and suppress dissent against the Adams administration and Federalist policies
- Bank of the United States
- In 1791, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton proposed the creation of a joing public and private national bank to store government funds, collect and expend government revenue, and issue bank notes to serve as national currency
- Battle of Fallen Timbers
- In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's army decisively defeated the Indians in Ohio, and the ensuing Treaty of Greenville opened the way for white settlement in the region.
- Election of 1800
- Jefferson and Aaron Burr received 73 votes in the electoral college. Because of the tie, the Constitution required that the House of Reps, voting by states, chose between them. Jefferson was elected and the 12th Amendment was adopted to prevent a similar occurrence in the future.
- Federalist Party
- One of the original two political parties.. this party was organized by Alexander Hamilton and generally stood for B national government, a mercantilist economy, implied constitutional powers, and friendship with Britain
- Edmond Genet
- Special representative to the US sent by the French government to seek support for the French Revolution. He was popularly received, but when he began recruiting ships and men for service to France, President Washington demanded his departure
- Alexander Hamilton
- Hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury. He was the leading spokesman for a B national government and organized the Federalist Party
- implied powers
- argued that Congress's powers went beyond those explicitly provided in the Constitution; that so long as a bill's purpose was constitutional, Congress had the pwer to enact it. This is also called "loose construction" of the Constitution.
- John Jay
- Coauthored "The Federalist," served as chief justice, and negotiated the controversial Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794-1795
- Jay's Treaty
- Treaty with Britain in 1794 in which the British agreed to evacuate posts in the American Northwest and settle some maritime disputes. Jay agreed to accept Britain's definition of America's neutral rights. The terms of treaty provoked a storm of protest, but was narrowly ratified in 1795
- James Madison
- proposed the VA plan to the Const. Convention, coauthored "The Federalist," and helped Jefferson organize the Republican party. He wrote "The Federalist" No. 10, the VA Resolution, and became president in 1809
- Thomas Pinckney
- negotiated the Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain in 1795. It opened the Mississippi River to American trade, guaranteed Americans the right of deposit at New Orleans, and settled a dispute over the FL boundary
- Quasi War
- France interpreted the Jay Treaty as threat to French interests, and in 1797, the French began seizing American ships while American privaters began attacking French shipping. This undeclared war on the high seas was dubbed the ____-____ or False War
- (Democratic)-Republican Party
- One of the original two political parties, organized by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson and generally stood for states' rights, an agricultural and commerce economy, strict construction of the Constitution, and friendship with France
- 12th Amendment
- ratified in 1804, provided for separate balloting for president and VP in the electoral college
- Virginia and Kentucky Resolution
- In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson wrote these resolutions. They argued the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, and Jefferson argued that each state had a general right to declare null and void congressional acts they deemed unconstitutional
- Whiskey Rebellion
- Western Pennsylvania farmers violently resisted paying the tax on whiskey imposed by Hamilton's financial program. In 1794, they threatened to destroy Pittsburgh. Washington and Hamilton marshaled the full force of the army to suppress the rebellion, but the rebels had dispersed by the time the army arrived.
- XYZ Affair
- American peace commissioners sent to France by President Adams in 1797 were insulted by their French counterparts, dubbed Mr. _ _ and _ in American newspapers. America's tender sense of national honor was outraged, and the affair led Federalists to demand war against France
- Barbary pirates
- Pirates from north Africa who seized trading vessels in the Mediterannean Sea and held crews and passengers for ransom.
- Battle of New Orleans
- Although it was fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, General Andrew Jackson's victory over the British at ____ _____ convinced many Americans, inattentive to chronology, that America had won the War of 1812 on the battlefield
- Battle of Tippecanoe
- In 1811, General William Henry Harrison led his forces against Chief Tecumseh's Indian confederacy at _____ Creek in the Ohio country. Indian confederacy was shattered
- Aaron Burr
- Tied Jefferson for the presidency in 1800 and became VP. He later killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel
- Chesapeake incident
- This US naval vessesl was fired upon and boarded by british officers in 1807 and 4 sailor were impressed into service for the Royal Navy. The incident provoked a clamor for war in the US, but Pres. Jefferon asked Congress for the Embargo Act instead
- Continental System
- Napoleons _____ ______ was supposed to make Europe economically self-sufficient and isolate Britain by depriving it of its European markets. The system ignored America's claims to neutral rights
- Embargo Act
- provoked by the Chesapeake incident and prohibited all exports from American ports. Pres. Jefferson hoped to pressure Britain and France into recognizing neutral rights,but this act damaged the US economy instead
- Hartford Convention
- A group of federalists met to protest the War of 1812 and propose several constitutional amendments. These antiwar Federalists were discredited when teh US achieved an honorable peace in the Treaty of Ghent that same month
- Impressment
- British navy used press gangs to commandeer manpower for naval service. During the Napoleonic Wars, British captains impressed seamen from neutral vessles, even naturalized American citizens. This became a cause of the war of 1812
- Judiciary Act of 1801
- The lame-duck Federalist Congress created several new federal courts in this Act. Just before leaving office, Pres. Adams made several "midnight appointments" of loyal Federalists to these courts. The new Republican congres repealed the act and may appointments were never delivered
- Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Pres. Jefferon commissioned these two explorers to explore the LA territory and beyond to the Pacific Coast. Their expedition brought back a wealth of data and its resources
- LA purchase
- in 1804, the US purchased this territory from Napoleonic France for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi River and nearly doubled the size of the nation
- Macon's Bill Number Two
- Replaced the ineffective Non-Intercourse Act. It removed all restrictions on commerce with France and Britain, but it authorized the president to reapply non-intercourse to either power of one of them ceased violating American neutral rights
- Marbury vs. Madison
- William Marbury used the Judiciary Act of 1789 to support his case for appointment as a justice of the peace in Washington, D.C. In 1803, however, the Supreme Court ruled the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. Established the precedent for judicial review of federal laws
- John Marshall
- A federalist, chief justice of the US from 1801-1835. His court issued several significant decisions including those in "Marbury vs madison" and McCulloch vs. Maryland." His decisions generally expanded the power of the national government and promoted economic development
- Non-Intercourse Act
- Congress replaced the Embargo Act with this act. It forbade American trade only with Britain and France, and authorized the president to end this with either nation if it stopped violating Americas neutral rights
- Orders in Council
- Series of edicts blockading most European ports and barring from them all foreign vessels that did not first stop at a British port to pay customs duties. The orders ignored America's claims to neutral rights
- John Pickering
- District judge, insane, removed from office during President Jefferson's first-term attack on the Federalist-dominated federal judiciary
- Tecumseh
- The Shawnee chief organized an Indian confederacy to try to revitalize Indian culture in the Ohio country. In 1811 his confederacy was shattered at the Battle of Tippecanoe. He was killed at the Battle of the Thames during the War of 1812
- Treaty of Ghent
- Ended the war of 1812. Britain and the US agreed to end the state of hostilities. Neither side made major concessions. With Napoleon's defeat, the war issues had simply evaporated
- War Hawks
- Young congressional leaders who called for war against great britain in 1811 and 1812 as the only way to defend teh national honor and force the British to respect America's neutral rights
- American system
- Brainchild of Henry Clay. It involved a political trade-off: in return for eastern support for federal aid to railroad and canal construction, the West would support protective tariffs. This arrangement would stimulate manufacturing and demand for raw materials and increase the market for manufactured
- Francis Cabot Lowell
- headed the Boston Associates, whose Waltham, Massachusetts, textile mills added mass production, a new dimension to the factory system
- Internal improvements
- Following the WAr of 1812, federal aid to finance ________ _______ became a divisive political issue.These improvements included various construction enterprises such as turnpikes, canals, river and harbor clearing projects, and so on. The National Road was the first federally funded improvement project
- Bank War
- 1832; Pres. Jackson vetoed a politically motivated proposal to renew the charter of the second bank of the US. Jackson's veto message asserted that the Bank was unconstitutional, a specially privileged institution, and vulnerable to control by foreign investors
- Nicholas Biddle
- president of the second bank of the US during the bank war of 1832. He was a competent administrator of the Bank's affairs, especially its regulating the avalability of credit by controlling the lending policies of state banks
- Election of 1828
- Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams's bid for reelection to the presidency. The campaign was filled with personal attacks on both candidates, but the mudslinging turned out an unusually high number of voters
- independent subtreasury
- to ensure the absolute safety of federal funds, Pres. Van Buren proposed and Congress passed legislation creating this. It took the fed. govt. out of banking. All payments to the govt were to be made in hard cash which was to be stored in government vaults until needed
- Indian Removal
- Pres. Jackson viewed the Indians as savages who were incapable of self-government. He pursued a policy of removing Indians from the path of westward settlement. By 1840, most eastern tribes had been relocated to lands west of the Mississippi River
- Jacksonian democracy
- This concept of democracy glorified the equality of all adult white males - the common man.
- National Republicans
- Loosely organized political party that opposed pres. Jackson and his policies.
- nullification
- In his 1828 "Exposition and Protest," John C. Calhoun argued that if an act of Congress violated teh Constitution, a state could interpose its authority and declare the law void or inoperative within its own boundaries
- Nullification Crisis
- 1832, South carolina convention nullified the tariff of 1832. President Jackson responded by threatening the use of federal troops to compel South Carolina to obey federal law. Congressional leaders worked out the compromise tariff of 1833 by calling for gradual reduction of tariff rates.
- Panic of 1837
- falling cotton prices and state defaults on debts frightened investors, and a general economic depression that lasted until 1843 began
- Peggy Eaton Affair
- Pres. Jackson asked for and received the resignation of his cabinet when their wives snubbed Secretary of War John Eaton's wife, Margaret. The incident further alienated Jackson and Calhoun, but caused Jackson to look more favorably upon Martin Van Buren, a bachelor who defended Mrs. Eaton
- Pet banks
- Jackson decided to withdraw government funds deposited in the Bank's vaults. Sec. of Treasury Roger Taney then redeposited teh fund in several state banks that Jackson's enemies dubbed "____ ____"
- protective tariff
- These were designed to protect America's infant industries from teh competition of less expensive foreign imports, thus making the nation's economy more self-sufficient. congress passed this act in 1816
- Specie Circular
- Jackson issued this to halt a speculative land mania fueled by the easy availability of paper currency issued by state banks. This required land purchasers to pay for public land in gold and silver. It abruptly halted the speculative boom
- Tariff of Abominations
- In 1828, Congress revised teh protective tariff law by generally raising tariff rates.
- Trail of Tears
- Defined the route of the tragic removal of teh Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Oklahoma under severe conditions in 1838
- Whigs
- This party was organized in the 1830s and held together to oppose Pres. Jackson and his policies. Spiritual descendant of Hamilton and his nationalism
- Worcester vs. Georgia
- Supreme Court ruled that a state government could not control the Indians or Indian Territory lying within that state. With Pres. Jackson's endorsement, Georgia officials ignored teh ruling and forced the Cherokees to leave the state
- John Quincy Adams
- President Monroe's very successful sec. of state, who, after winning the election of 1824, had a very troubled and unsuccessful single term in the presidency
- Adams-Onis Treaty
- 1821, Sec. of State John Q. Adams gained a favorable western boundary of the Louisiana Territory to the Pacific. Also, the United States purchased FL, but temporarily surrendered its claim to Spanish texas
- Cotton gin
- Eli Whitney; separation of cotton seed from fiber and expanded production of cotton
- Era of Good Feeling
- 1817-1823 during Monroe Presidency. During this era, party rivalry diminished and a confident spirit of postwar nationalism pervaded the nation
- Erie Canal
- Financed by the state of NY with publi funds. this canal initiated the canal boom of the 1820s and 1830s
- Gibbons vs. Ogden
- Supreme Court ruled that states can regulate commerce that begins and ends in its own territory, but when teh transaction involves crossing a state line, Congress's constitutional authority to regulate interstate trade takes precedence
- McCulloch vs Maryland
- Supreme Ct ruled that the second Bank of US was unconstitutional
- Missouri Compromise
- 1820, Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state to preserve the balance of slave and free states. Also, slavery was banned from the remaining part of the LA territory
- Monroe Doctrine
- At the suggestion of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, in 1823 this president announced in this doctrine that the American continents were no longer open to colonization, and that the US would look with disfavor on any attempt to extend European control over independent nations in the Western Hemisphere
- James Monroe
- Elected president in 1816 and served 2 terms. He was a weak leader, but his presidency succeeded in achieving several important foreign policy goals with Britain and Spain.
- National Road
- Built b/w Cumberland, MD, and Vandalia, IL, between 1811 and 1838, was the first major federally funded transportation project
- Panic of 1819
- US suffered its first nationwide economic depression. Caused by a fall in cotton prices and the contraction of credit. panic led to demands for more democracy in govt and hostility toward banks, as well as to a growing split within the Republican party
- preemption rigths
- Given to "squatters" - those who settled frontier lands in advance of its public sale. These laws allowed squatters to make the first legal claim to the land that they had settled
- putting-out system
- before the development of the factory system, goods were "put out" to individual workers to manufacture. Merchant capitalists supplied the workers with raw materials then paid for the finished items and took charge of their distribution and sale
- Second Bank of the United States
- 1816; It came under heavy criticism during the panic of 1819. In 1832, Pres. Jackson vetoed a bill to recharter the bank
- Tallmadge Amendment
- When MO aplied for statehood in 1819, NY Congressman James Tallmadge introduced an amendment calling for the gradual abolition of slavery in MO. It failed to pass congress, but generated an angry debate b/w northern and southern leaders that raged for months
- turnpike
- paved roadways were built as private usiness ventures in the early nineteenth century. To recover their costs of construction and make a profit, promoters charged tolls for the use of the them. One type of internal improvement