Big Exam II

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Kelley - People consider 3 things when they make attributions.: Consistency-same way over time.
Distinctiveness-Unique to situation.
Consensus-How do others behave.

*Internal=high consistency, low distinctiveness and consensus
*External=high in all
Abramson and Alloy: Depressed persons are sometimes more realistic in their appraisals than are persons with normal mood.
Non-depressed have "illusion of control."
Depressed are "sadder but wiser."
One of the most significant problems resulting from the fundamental attribution bias.: Blaming the Victim
Availability Heuristic: People estimate the likelihood of a situation by how easily they can recall it.
Representative Heuristic: People make judgements about people or events based on what they believe is a typical example of a particular category.
Simulation Heuristic: People develop mental images of situations and then use these mental images to make judgements about facts in their lives.
Kelley's Personal Construct Theory: People are scientists.
Views people as active and future oriented.
Self-Verification Theory: Swann
People are motivated to confirm their self-concept, even if it is negative.
Behavioral Confirmation: People are motivated to confirm the expectations that others have of them.
Self-Enhancement Theory: People are motivated to think favorably of themselves and behave in ways that cause others to see them favorably as well.
Sleeper Effect: Involves people forgetting the source of communication over time, but remembering the message.
Fear: Message must engender a lot of fear, be believable, and specific instructions for avoiding the danger must be offered.
Schacter's Two Factor Theory: Experience of emotion is a function of both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. (external cues)
Need Complimentarity: People often choose partners who are different in terms of personality.
JW Berry: Assimilation(whole sale taking on of majority culture)
Separation(Only own culture)
Integration(own and majority culture)
Marginalization(not own culture and not majority culture)
RR Troiden - Gay and Lesbian Identity Development: Sensitization-before puberty
Identity Confusion-17-18y.o. homosexual feelings, but denial
Identity Assumption-19-22 y.o. Manage social stigma. Homosexual identity, but negative feelings.
Commitment-22-23 y.o. Integration.
Minority Identity Development Model: Conformity-prefers dominant culture
Dissonance-appreciate aspects of minority and question dominant
Resistance(Immersion)-prefer minority
Introspection-deeper analysis of attitudes and feelings
Integrative Awareness-Appreciative and critical of both
Cross's Model of Black Identity Development: Preencounter(conformity)
Encounter(dissonance)
Immersion-Emersion(resistance)
Internalization(integrative awareness)
Internalization-Commitment
Helm's White Racial Identity Model: Contact-don't recognize racism and white privilege
Disintegration-uncomfortable with racism
Reintegration-white identity and superiority
Pseudo-Independence-Questioning racism
Immersion/Emersion-self examination and information seeking
Autonomy-new definition of being white and openness
New Entrants into the Work Force that are Minority: 1/3
Embryonic Period: 2 weeks to 8 to 12 weeks
Almost all birth defects occur during the first trimester.
Fetal Period: 8 to 12 weeks until birth
Sexual Dimorphism: Overall, humans exhibit less than other species.
It is clearly evident in the human brain that SD exists.
Moro Reflex: Baby extends legs, arms, and fingers and arches the back in response to being startled.
Babinski Reflex: Baby spreads out toes and twists foot when the sole of foot is stroked.
Social Smile: Emerges at 2 months.
Infant smiles when a face is presented.
Brain at Birth: 25 to 33% of adult size
2 y.o.-75%
5 y.o.-90%
Significant plasticity or flexibility in functioning until 7 or 8 y.o.
Handedness and Footedness: Established by 7 or 8 y.o.
Social Buffer Hypothesis: A good support network can reduce the risk of emtional distress. Not so much the size of the network, but the person's perception of having an adequate social network.
First Word: 10 to 14 months
Holophrasic Speech: 12 to 18 months
Babies use a single word or syllable to express a complete thought.
Phoneme: smallest unit of speech
morpheme: smallest meaningful unit of speech
Telegraphic Speech: 18 to 24 months
Child puts together two words to express an idea
Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2
Object Permanence
Symbolic Representation
Preoperational Stage: 2-7
Intuitive Thinking
Egocentrism
Animism
Phenomenalistic Causality
Irreversability
Centration
Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11
Operational Thought
Serialization
Conservation
Formal Operational Stage: 11+
Abstract Concepts
Metacognition
Criticism of Piaget: Underestimated childrens' abilities.
Did not sufficiently address cultural and educational influences on cognitive development.
Vygotsky's Social Development Theory of Cognition: Cognitive development results from social interaction.
Emphasized the influence of adults more than Piaget.
Zone of Proximal Development-development level just above child's current level (instruction targetted here)
Scaffolding and Reciprocal Teaching
Short Term Memory: Primary Memory-passive holding tank
Working Memory-briefly holds and manipulates info (declines with age)
Piaget's Theory of Moral Development: Linked to cognitive development.
Heteronomous Morality-5 to 10; constraint dominates and think rigidly about morality.
Autonomous Morality-10+; morality of cooperation and flexibility.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning: Cognitive Development
Preconventional Morality-4 to 10 y.o. punishment and reward.
Conventional Morality-10 to 13 y.o. Approval
PostConventional Morality-13+ Right, fair, and just
Kochanska: Development of conscience in children is related to early temperment and parenting styles.
(high inhibitory control and low impulsivity)
Oral Phase: 0-1
trust vs. mistrust (hope)
Anal Phase: 1-3
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Will)
Phallic Phase: 3-5
Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose)
Latency Phase: 6-12
Industry vs. Inferiority (Competence)
Genital Phase: 12-18
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Fidelity)
Normal Infantile Autism: Mahler
1st month
Baby is unaware of external world.
Symbiosis: Mahler
2-4 months
baby and mother are one
Differentiation: Mahler
5-10 months
stranger anxiety
Practicing: Mahler
10-16 months
ability to physically separate from the mother.
Separation Anxiety
Rapprochement: Mahler
16-24 months
need for mother to share child's new skills and experiences
Object Constancy: Mahler
2-3 years
Ability to maintain image of mother when she is not present.
Ability to unify the good and bad into a whole representation.
Children of Authoritarian Parents: Moody, irritable, discontented, withdrawn, distrustful, aggressive, and tend to have more bx disorders.
"Conflicted Irritable"
Children of Permissive Indifferent Parents: poor self-control, are demanding, minimally compliant, and have poor interpersonal skills.
Children of Permissive Indulgent Parents: impulsive, immature, and out of control.
"impulsive-aggressive"
Children of Authoritative Parents: competent, confident, independent, cooperative, and at ease in social situations.
"energetic friendly self reliant"
Stages of Gender Role Development: Gender Roles
Gender Identity (3 y.o.)
Gender Constancy (5 or 6 y.o.)
Racial Awareness: 3 or 4 y.o.
Solitary Play: 2 y.o.
Child plays alone.
Parallel Play: 2 y.o.
Child plays independently, but next to other children.
Associative Play: 2-3 y.o.
Interacts with other children and shares toys.
Cooperative Play: 2-3 y.o.
Child is part of a group that has some common goal.
Social Referencing: 1 y.o.
Child uses cues from another person, such as mother, to deal with affective uncertainty.
Mental Retardation: IQ<70
deficits in adaptive functioning in 2 areas (communication, self-care, home living, social skills, use of community resources, self-direction, academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety)
Onset before 18
Test=Vineland
Prenatal (Embryonic)
More common in males
Learning Disorder: Must be a significant discrepancy (1 to 2 SD) between IQ and academic achievement.
Stuttering: Considered normal until 2 or 3 y.o.
Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Severe and pervasive problems in several areas of development including: reciprocal social interactions, communication, or presence of stereotyped bx, interests, and activities.
Autistic Disorder: PDD
Impairment in communication, social interaction, and a restricted repertoire of activities.
Onset before 3 y.o.
Prognosis best=late onset, higher IQ, when child speaks before 5 y.o.
4 to 5 xs in males.
Rett's Disorder: PDD
Only females.
Between 5 and 48 months, sudden deceleration of head growth, stereotyped hand movements, social disengagement, and poorly coordinated movements. Impaired language development and psychomotor retardation.
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder: PDD
Normal development for 2 years.
Loss of acquired skills in 2 areas: language, social skills, play, motor skills, and bowel/bladder control. Abnormalities in 2: social interaction, communication, restriction of bx, interests, and activities.
More common in males.
Asperger's Disorder: PDD
Impairment in social interaction and a restricted repertoire of bx, but no language delays or cognitive delays.
More common in males.
ADHD: Persistent pattern (6 months) of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Some sx must have been present before 7 y.o. Impairment must occur in at least 2 settings.
6-9 times more in males
Schizophrenia: Presence of 2: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic bx, and negative sx. Only 1 sx is required if delusions are bizarre, hallucinations involve running commentary, or if 2 or more voices are conversing.
Person must be functioning at a level markedly below normal.
At least 6 months.
Schizophrenia, Catatonic Type: Motoric immobility, excessive and purposeless motor activity, negativism or mutism, peculiarities of voluntary movement, echolalia.
Schizophrenia, Undifferentiated Type: Meets dx for schizophrenia, but does not meet criteria for any other subtype.
Schizophrenia, Residual Type: Absence of prominent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized/catatonic bx, but continuing evidence of schizophrenia such as, negative sx.
Schizophrenia, Paranoid Type: Preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations
No prominent disorganized speech, catatonic bx, flat or inappropriate affect.
To Determine Schizophrenia Subtype: Catatonic
Disorganized
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Schizophrenic Brains: Enlargement of lateral and third ventricles
Smaller cerebral cortex
Smaller thalamus
Decreased frontal lobe activity
Schizophreniform Disorder: Identical to schizophrenia, but lasts 1 to 6 months.
Delusional Disorder: Non-bizarre delusions of at least one month's duration.
Bx is relatively unimpaired and is not obviously odd.
Brief Psychotic Disorder: One or more: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic bx. Lasts 1 day to 1 month.
Somatization Disorder: Hx of recurrent and multiple somatic complaints, which begins before age 30, and is of at least several years duration.
More common in women.
Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder: When there are one or more physical complaints that cannot be fully explained medically and the duration is at least 6 months.
Conversion Disorder: One or more sx or deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurological or other general medical condition.
More common in women.
ex. paralysis
Enables pt. to keep ucs conflict out of awareness.
Factitious Disorder: Physical or psychological sx that are intentionally produced.
Assume sick role.
Cluster A: Odd, Eccentric
Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, and Erratic
Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Histrionic PD
Narcissistic PD
Cluster C: Anxious and Fearful
Avoidant PD
Dependent PD
Obsessive Compulsive PD
Borderline Intellectual Functioning: IQ = 71 to 84
Coded on Axis II
Recent Memory: LTM
Intermediate Memory
lasts 2 weeks
Remote Memory: LTM
Lasts 2 years or more.
Spearman: Intelligence is a single factor.
"G Factor"
Thurstone: 7 distinct primary mental abilities.
Cattell-Horn-Carroll: Most empirically validated theory of human intelligence.
3 levels: "G", 10 broad cognitive abilities, 70 narrow cognitive abilities.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: 8 distinct intelligences
Relative strengths and weaknesses among 8 areas
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory: Focuses on process rather than product.
3 aspects of intelligence: internal components, capacity to adapt to environmental changes, ability to apply past experience to current problems.
Verbal Comprehension Index: Vocabulary
Similarities
Information
Perceptual Organization Index: Picture Completion
Block Design
Matrix Reasoning
Working Memory Index: Arithmetic
Digit Span
Letter Number Sequencing
Processing Speed Index: Digit Symbol Coding
Symbol Search
Best Estimate of VIQ: Vocabulary
Best Estimate of PIQ: Block Design
Best "hold tests" - good indicators of premorbid functioning: vocabulary
information
Chronic Otitis Media: Long term deficits in language capacities.
Depressed VCI.

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