Bio Final 2006
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- gamete
- sex cell, usually haploid
- zygote
- fertilized cell, usually diploid
- chromatin
- all the DNA in a nucleus
- gene
- a protein recipe - made of DNA
- chromosome
- 1 piece of double-stranded DNA
- chromatid
- one strand of a pair of recently copied strands of DNA - paired with a 'sister chromatid'
- centromere
- joins a pair of chromatids at a point on the strand
- homologous pair of chromosomes
- a pair of chromosomes that have the same set of genes on them
- diploid
- having pairs of chromosomes
- haploid
- having single strands of chromosomes
- autosome
- a chromosome that is not the sex chromosome
- sex chromosome
- has the male or female traits - known as the X and Y chromosomes
- karyotype
- an image giving the structure of all chromosomes during metaphase; helps diagnose genetic problems
- cell cycle
-
describes the different phases of life of a cell:
M, G1, S, G2 - interphase
- describes G1, S, G2 in the cell cycle
- G1 phase
- cell growth - cell spends most of its time in this phase
- S phase
- genetic material duplicates during this phase
- G2
- cell prepares to divide
- mitosis
- process by which an exact copy of a cell is made
- phases of mitosis
-
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase - cytokinesis
- process by which cytoplasm is divided into 2 just before mitosis is completed
- 3 checkpoints of cell cycle
-
G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint (metaphase) - cancer
- caused by uncontrolled cell growth
- benign tumor
- an abnormal mass of essentially normal cells
- malignant tumor
- masses of cells that result from the reproduction of cancer cells
- metastasis
- spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
- spindles
- a football shaped framework of microtubules that guide chromosomes' movements
- centrioles
- the organization center of the spindle structures
- cell plate
- a disk containing cell wall material - forms insided the cell and grows outward
- meisosis
- the type of cell division hat produces 4 cells - each of which is a gamete (haploid)
- phases of meiosis
-
PMAT I & II
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase - crossing over
- the exchange of parts of homologous chromosomes in meiosis
- independent assortment
- chromosomes randomly chosing which gamete they would go to
- gametogenesis
- the making of new gametes through meiosis
- spermatogenesis
- the making of new sperm
- Oogenesis
- the making of new eggs
- Sperm
- a type of gamete found in a male that has X or Y chromosomes, a sex cell
- Ovum
- a type of gamete in a female that has only X chromosomes, a sex cell
- asexual reproduction
- the process of (one cell becoming two cells) a cell duplicating itself
- sexual reproduction
- two parent cells try to combine to make an offspring that contains some of genes from each
- binary fission
- the process of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes cells in which the DNA duplicates and the cell splits
- Parthenogenesis
- Production of offspring by female animals from unfertilized ova having the same chromosome number (haploid or diploid) as the parent
- fragmentation
- Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where an organism is split into fragments either intentionally or not. Each of these fragments develops into a mature, fully grown new organism and if the organism is split any further the process is repeated
- Vegetative propagation
- the offspring/clone has the identical genetics (cactus, drops stems that develp roots and become new plants)
- Budding
- a form of asexual reproduction where a bud or outgrowth from the end or side of the parent cell emerges and develops into a new organism
- Disjunction
- separation of homologous chromosomes (or sister chromatids) during anaphase
- Non-disjunction
- when a chromosome pair fails to separate correctly during cell division, resulting in daughter cells which have missing or extra chromosomes
- Chromosomal mutations
- when there is a change with the DNA sequence within a chromosome
- Deletion
- when a fragment of a chromosome is lost
- Duplication
- when a part of a chromosome is repeated
- Inversion
- the reversing of a fragment of the original chromosome
- Translocation
- a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
- Trait
- a variation of a particular character