Bio Final Review 2
Terms
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copy deck
- Experimental Method
-
1.Observation
2.Hypothesis
3.Testing Hypothesis
4.Recording and Analyzing data
5.Replicating the work
6.Forming a conclusion - Independent Varible
- the intentionally altered factor that you introduce into the experiment
- Dependent Varible
- what is affect by (depends) the factor that you change
- Structural Heirarchy
-
organelle (microvilli)
cell (blood)
tissue (muscle)
organ (liver)
organ system (digestive system) - Autotroph
- can feed itself
- Hetertroph
- has to eat other food source
- Diffusion
-
movement of substance from high to low consentration
-no energy required
-substance moves down concentration gradiant - selectively permeable membrane
- only allows certian things to pass through -- shape and size dertermine weather it can pass
- rate of diffusion
-
depends on:
1.concentration gradiant
2.temperature
3.nedium- substance it passes through
4.mass of particle - Passive transport
-
*no energy required*
1.simple diffusion-- passes right through lipid bilayer (ex.steriods, h2o, co2)
2.facillitated diffusion--diffusion with the help of transport protien (ex.monosaccharides)
3.Osmosis -- diffusion of water
-isotonic-same inside and outside of cell
-hypotonic-more particles inside of cell
-hypertonic-more particels outside of cell - Active transport
-
*energy required
paricles move against consentration gradiant - Bulk transport
-
*energy required
moving big substances
-exocytosis--moving out of cell
-endocytosis--moving in to cell
1.pinocytosis--smaller substances (ex.protiens)--vesicle
2.phagocytosis--larger substances (ex.white blood cells)--pesudopods--"cell eating" - Consentration Gradiant
- the exsistance of a difference between the consentration of molecules across a certian area
- Types of Asexual Reproduction
-
-one parent
-offspring genetic clones
A.Binary Fission--one cell splits into two cells -- bacteria only!!
{o} -> {oo) -> {o}{o)
B. Mitosis -- ex:amobea, euglena, paramecium
C.Budding--a little cell grows off the larger cell and eventually breaks free (ex. yeast, hydra)
0 -> O* -> O *
D. Regeneration--regrowth of lost part (ex. planara)
O -> ( -> () -> O
E.Vegitative Reproduction-growth of entire organism form a plant part (ex.potato) - Chromosome vs. Chromotin
-
Chromosome:
1.coiled DNA
Chromotin:
2.uncoiled DNA - Interphase
-
G1 && G2 -- growth phases where the cell grows and carries out cell function
S- synthesis of DNA - Mitosis
-
1.prophase
-centrioles move to oppisite poles
-spindles and asters form (microtubuals)
-chromotin coils -> replicated chromosomes
-nuclear envelope begins to desintigrate
2.metaphase
-replicated chromosomes line up along equator/ metaphase plate
3.Anaphase
-centromere btw. sister chromotids breaks
-nuclear membrane breaks
-spindle fibers drag single chromosomes to oppostie sides
4.Telephase
-chromosomes reach poles
-nuclear membrane reforms
-spindle fibers/asters desintergrate
-cytokenesis occurs - spliting of the cell into two cells
-animal cells - clevage burrow
-plants--NO centrioles/asters
-plate forms btw. two cells - rate of cell division
-
-interphase takes the longest -- 16-20 hrs
-red blood cells--never undergo mitosis--3 mths -> removed by spline
-embrotic cells divide rapidly
-nuerons/muscle cells rarely divide - meiosis
-
MEIOSIS 1-
1.prophase 1
-homo. chromo. line up (synapsis)
-crossing over occurs
2.metaphase 1-
-homo. chromo. pair up at equator
3.anaphase 1
-homo. chromo. seperate from eachother and are pulled to opposite poles
4.telephase 1
-cytokenisis occurs
-each cell has half the number of chromo. present in parent cell but still replicated
MEIOSIS 2 IS SAME AS MITOSIS - gametes
- sex cells
- diploid number
- 2n -- number of chromosomes in regular body cell
- haploid numer
- n --half the number of chromosomes in regular body cells -- number in gametes
- homologous chromosomes
-
-same size and shape
-control same trait - crossing over
- -homo. chromo. swap corresponding part to create variation
- somatic
- body cells
- oogenesis
-
-creation of eggs through meiosis
-1 large egg bc its carring neutrients incase of fertilization and 3 polar bodies(die)which carry the extra genetic material - spermatogensis
-
-creation of sperm through meiosis
-four sperm - Sexuality
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-aspect of your personality
-sexual orientation - who you are attracted to
-homosexual
-bisexual
-heterosexual
-gender roles - how you present yourself to the world - your outward expression of being male/female - Sexual Idenity
-
-inner sense of who you are
-transgender- sexual idenity that doesnt correspond with biological anatomy - Pubesent Changes
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Male-
indirect-
-facial hair
direct-
-sex organs get bigger and develop
-ability to ejaculate
*fertile
Female-
indirect
-enlargement of breasts
-hips widen
direct
-sex organs enlarge
-period
*fertile
Both-
-growth spurt
-armpit/pubic hair
-sebaceous gland
-acne
-musle mass increases
-voice deepens (larger voicebox) - Male anatomy
-
Internal:
1.Testes
A.make sperm-located in semineferous tubuals- lots SA
B.make testosterone
2.epididymis
A.sperm mature here (motile) and are stored here
3.scrotum-
A.houses sperm at about 2 degrees celcis below body temp
4.vas deferens-
A.tube that transports sperm to uretha
5.urethra-
A.passage way for urine and sperm *not at same time*
6.prostate gland-secrets alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic vagina
7.seminal vesicles-create sugar(fructose)
8.Cowper's Gland-creates mucus -> present in pre-ejaculate - Passageway of Sperm
-
-spermogenesis in testes
-epididymis->vas deferens
->urethra->outside penis - semen is made of...
-
1.sperm - testes
2.fructose - seminal vesicle
3.alkine fluid - prostate gland
4.mucus - cowpers gland - Female anatomy
-
1.external genitalia
-labia-outer/inner
-clitoris
2.internal genitalia
-ovary
-contain at birth about 200.000 egga per ovary (maybe use 400 eggs)
-mature egg once every menstural cycle
-manufacture: estrogen and progesterone
2.Fallopian Tubes
-fimbre at ends
-cilia-rythmic beating
-site of fertilization
3.uterus (womb)
-site of implantation
-inner lining called endometrium
-cervix-neck of uterus
4.vagina (birth canal)
-allows for passageway of period and childbirth - Menstrual Cycle
-
a.menstration
-flow of blood (endometrium)
b.pre ovlatory phase
-pituitary gland in brain
-> secretes FSH and LH -> stimulates ripening of follicle (egg)
-follicle make estrogen -> stimulates thickening of endometrium (uterine lining)
-A spike LH occurs right before ovulation (LH surge)
c.ovulation
-mature follicle ripens releasing mature egg
-egg is quickly swept into fallopian tubes by cillia and fimbrae
-high chance for fertilization on day 14
d.post ovulatory phase
-ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum -- makes progesterone-maintain endometrium
-increased progesterone/estrogen combination inhibits release of LH and FSH - corpus lutem distintgrates-progesterone levels plummet-lining shed - Pregnancy
-
a.Conception in fallopian tubes (fertilization)-zygote formed-blastocyst
b.implantation-embryo attaches to endometrium and secretes HGC to tell corpus leutum to keep making progesterone
c.pregnancy-amount of time fetus spends in mother 9mths placenta is connection btw. mother and fetus--drugs can influence development--mother gains weight (28 lbs), blood preasure increases, heart burn, morning sickness
d.labor-uterus contracts, cervix dilates, release oxytocin and relaxin, amniotic sac breaks
e.deliery-fetus flips, tie/cut umbilical cord, contractions continue - afterbirth
f.multipule births - 2 eggs 1 sperm - feternal - 1 egg 2 sperm - identical - Gregor Mendel
-
experimented with pea plants
-easy to grow
-sharp contrasting colors
-easy to control reproduction - purebreds
- organisims that will always produce offspring with a paticular trait -- homozygous
- hybreds
- offspring of two organisims that were pure bred for different varities --heterozygous
- gene
- part of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protien
- allele
- variation od that gene
- genotype
- the genes that an organism contains for a trait
- phenotype
- the expression of the genotype
- test cross
- done when an organism shows the doninate phenotype but unknown genotype
- incomplete dominance
- when a cross btw. the two traits is expressed
- codominance
- both alleles are active and both are fully expresses in the hybrid
- dihybrid/trihybrid
- 3 or more alleles for one trait
- chromosome of male
- XY
- chromosome of female
- XX
- sex linked trait
- any gene located on a sex chromosome--your sex influences the frequency that it shows up
- x linked disorders
-
1.hemophilia
2.muscular distrophy
3.red green color blindness - gene linkage
- genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
- chromosomal mutations
-
-deletion
-duplication
-inversion
-reciprocal translation - nondisjunction disorders
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klinefelter syndrome XXY
turners syndrome X
down syndrome extra 21st chromo