Genetics Test!
Terms
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- Nucleus (impotance)
- Storage of DNA
- Alleles
- Different versions of the same gene
- Genes
- 1 gene- 1 protein recipe
- Chromosomes
- One piece of DNA
- Diploid (2n) cells
- Chromosomes in pairs (most cells)
- Mitosis
- Makes an exact copy of a cell(hapoloid or diploid)
- Haploid (n) Cells
- Single chromsomes, sex cells, egg and sperm combine - zygote
- Meiosis
- 1 diploid cell- 4 haploids
- n
- Haploid - the number of chromroes that exist together
- Spermtogenesis
- The process by which sperm are produced in male animals
- Oogenesis
- The process by which gametes are produced in female animals
- Asexual Vs. Sexual reproduction
- Sexual is more common becuase through asexual exact copies are made not showing any variation (like cloning) and sexual reproduction shows a lot of variation
- Gregor Mendel
- Studied heredity
- Pistil
- Female reproductive part of a flower, consisting of an ovary, style,and stigma
- Ovary
- The lower part of the pistil that produces eggs in ovules
- Stigma
- A small mark, spot, or pore, such as the respiratory spiracle of an insect or an eyespot in certain algae.
- Style
- The usually slender part of a pistil, situated between the ovary and the stigma
- Stamen
- Male reproductive part of a flower
- Filament
- The stalk that bears the anther in a stamen
- Anther
- Sac at the tip of a stamen in which pollen grains form
- Self- Fertilization
- fertilization effected by union of ova with pollen or sperm from the same individual
- Cross-Fertilization
- fertilization in which the gametes are produced by separate individuals or sometimes by individuals of different kinds
- Purebred
- bred from members of a recognized breed, strain, or kind without outbreeding over many generations
- Hybrid
- The offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock, especially the offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties, species, or races.
- Genertaions
- p, f1 f2
- P generation
- The parental generation
- F1 Generation
- The offspring of the P generation the first filial generation
- F2 Generation
- Offspring of the F1 generation plants the second filial generation
- Phenotype
- Physical traits
- Dominant
- The expressed form of the trait
- Recessive
- The trait that is not expressed when the dominant form of the trait is present
- Genotype
- The genetic makeup of an organism as indicated by the alleles
- Homozygous dominant
- If the two alleles of a particular gene present in an individual are dominant (the same)
- Heterozygous
- If the alleles of a particular gene present in an individual are different
- Homozygous recessive
- If the two alleles of a particular gene present in an individual are recessive (the same)
- Principle of Segregation
- Two alleles for a trait segreagte (sperate) when gametes are formed
- Indepentdent Assortment
- The alleles of different genes serperate independently of the alleles fpr flower color
- Linked Genes
- any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together (ex. red hair and freckles)
- Punnett Squares
- Diagrams that rpedict the expected outcome of a genetic cross by considering all possible cobinations of gametes in the cross
- Dihybrid Cross
- hybridization using two traits with two alleles each
- Genotypic ratio
- Genes (homzygous dominant:heterozygous:homozygous dominant)
- Phenotypic ratio
- Physical (all dominant :all recessive)
- Sample size
- The more people the alleles are collected from the more the predicted/assumed ratios will be correct/exact
- Homologous chromosomes
- Exist in pairs cause tehy contain the same gene (not always the same version or allele)
- Sister chromatids
- Exact copy of a chromsome connected at the centromere
- Tetrads
- A group of four chromsomes 2 pairs of sister chromatids
- Crossing over
- Occurs when portions of a chromatid on one homologous chromosome are broken and exchanged with the corresponding portions on one of the chromatids of the other homologous chromsome
- Nondisjunction
- The failure of paired chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate and go to different cells during meiosis.
- Monosomy
- chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number
- Trisomy (examples)
-
The condition of having three copies of a given chromosome in each somatic cell rather than the normal number of two.
(ex. Each cell usually has 46 but in trisomy this is increased to 47. ) - Translocation
- Movement of organic compounds within a plant from a source to a sink
- XX
- Female
- XY
- Male
- XO
- Genetic Code for Turner's Syndrome
- XXY
- abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male resulting in Klinefelter's syndrome