evolution test
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- homologous structures
- common structures all members of one species share
- transitional fossil
- linked to other fossils by a common ancestor...fills in gaps and shows transitions
- relative dating
- assumption that older things will be in deeper layers and more recent in higher layers
- radiometric dating
- using half-lives of radioactive isotopes to calculate how much time has passed since the isotope was in its original form
- vestigial structures
- structures w/ no function, although they may be or have been in the past useful to other members of the species
- comparitive embryology
- study of developing organisms
- what 2 things can scientists use to compare and determine weather 2 organisms are closely related, solely based on the similarity?
- DNA and amino acid sequences
- biogeographical
- where fossils are found (scientists rely on this evidence)
- what causes genetic variety in a population?
- recombination (during sexual reproduction) and mutations
- what is natural selection?
- the process by which those who are best suited to their poulation survive and reproduct, whiel those who aren't suited die off
- what is the founder effect
- when a small poulation w/ limited diversity founds a new population in a new location, in breeding occurs and there is limited genetic variety (ex: amish six fingered hand)
- bipedilism
- ability to walk on 2 feet and the big toe is aligned w/ the 4 others (distinuishing characteristic between humans and other primates)
- genetic drift
- rapid change in #'s and kinds of genes in a small isolated population that may lead to the evolution of a new species (ex: bioengineered foods in the environment by wind)
- drug resistent pathogens
- created by the overuse of antibiotics, over perscription, antibacterial products, etc, these are organisms that cause illness but are resistent to treatment
- darwins theory of evolution
-
1) overeproduction occurs in the environment
2) organisms die (limited resources)
3) variations through recombination and mutations occur
4) offsring continue to inherit variation
5) variations that are suited to the environment carry on, those variation that aren't die out
6) population changes as a response to the environment - adaptions
- products of evolution by nat. selection
- variations
- raw materials upon which nat. selection acts
- structural adaptations
- those involving structure or anatomy
- physiological adaptations
- adaptations with a chemical basis
- behavioral adaptations
- adapting in their responses to the environment...ex: hunting for prey, growing toward light, etc.
- species
- gorup of organisms that can interbreed and produc ferile offspring
- geographic isolation
- river, canyon, mountain forms and populations are split apart. diff environments=diff variations, therefore diff speceis
- convergent evolution
- species not closely related evolving similar traits b.c they live in the same or similar environments
- punctuated equilibrium
- hypothesis that asserts that the normally slow and gradual process of evolution is broken by short periods of rapid chage
- speciation
- evolution of a new species
- divergent evolution
- one species evolves into 2 or more species
- adaptive radiation
- ancestral form meets new environment, has basic adaptations suited to environment, and is free from competition. usually a species gets to a new environment, splits up and each takes on diff. roles.
- ancestral web for humans
-
primates
african apes anthropoids
hominids
homo - Austrilipithecus afarensis
- 3.5 million years old...Lucy gave evidence that upright walking evolved before large brain (she had a small brain, 3 ft tall, and was bipedal)
- Homo Habilis
- "handy man" first to USE tools, largest brain capaciy so far. good learning capabilities, hunted.
- homo erectus
- 1 million years ago, first to Make tools, larger brain capacity, flat face, learned to make and use FIRE, lived in groups
- homo sapiens
- appeared 100,000 years ago, developed burials for the dead, language, etc.
- modern system of classification created by
- linnaeus
- taxonomy
- branch of biology that classifies organisms based on characteristics
- binomial nomenclature
- 2 name naming system- Genus, species.
- taxon (groupings)
- Kingdom, phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- HUMAN TAXONS
- animal, chordate, mammal, primate, hominid, homo, sapien
- name all kingdoms and approximate #
- animals > 1 million, plants > 500,000, fungi > 100,000, protists >100,000, (monera---> eubacteria >10,000; archaebacteria "ancient" 3.8 billion years old)
- phylogeny
- evolutionary history of a species
- cladistics
- classification system based on phylogeny
- cladogram
- evolutionary tree
- Dichotomous key
- step by step way to identify organisms using paired questions
- aristotle
- first classification system---> water, land, air animals