Vocab Words from BIO 100 # 2 exam
Terms
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- genetics
- the study of genes and their transmission from one generation to another.
- gene
- the basic unit of heredity; a set of necleotides on a particular chromosome which code for a specific polypeptide.
- chromosomes
- tightly packed structures of chromatin visible during cell division
- chromatin
- threadlike material in the necleus composted of DNA and proteins
- karyltpye/karyogram
- the set of chromosomes of a cell or organism depicting their number, sizes, and shapes
- genotype
- the complete set of genes and alleles inherited from your parents
- phenotype
- the observed physical and functional traits that characterize an individual
- genome
- the complete set of genes in the chromosomes in a particular organism.
- gene pool
- all the various human genes and their alleles
- linked genes
- when alleles for different traits located on one chromosome
- alleles
- different structual and functional variation of homologous genes
- recessive alleles
- will express only when both alleles are present
- pedigree
- a graphic portrayal of the genetic connections among individuals
- chromosome malfunctions-duplications
- genes sequence that is repeated several to hundreds of times
- chromosome malfunctions-inversion
- a linear stretch of DNA is reversed within the chromosome
- chromosomes malfunctions-translocation
- a piece of one chromosome becomes attached to another nonhomologous chromosome
- chromosome malfunctions-deletion
- loss of a segment of a chromosome
- chromosome malfunctions-nondisjunction
- metaphase I, mondisjunction at Anaphase I, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Gametes
- Reproduction-
- the process of making new human beings
- what's the function of the male reproduction system-
- function: make & deliver sperm to female.
- scrotum
- pouch of skin & smooth muscle, contain testes which produce sperm & regulates tempertaure in testes.
- what is the function of the testes?
- produce sperm, testosterone & inhibin.
- where is sperm produced?
- in the siminiferous tubles
- what does LH?
- luteninizing hormone
- what is FSH?
- follicle stimulating hormone
- where is testosterone form/ secreted?
- interstitial cells
- what are the 3 male accessory glands?
-
1. seminal vesicles (2)
2. prostate gland
3. bulbourethral gland (2) - what is typical ejaculation?
- 200-500 million sperm
- what is ejaculation?
- involuntary contractions in smooth muscle.
- what is the function of the female reproductive system?
- to produce egge & prepare for fertilization.
- whats another name for oviducts
- the fallopian tubes
- what is the menstrual cycle
- monthly (28 days) changes in the ovaries and uterus
- the ovarian cycle
- regular pattern of growth, maturation & release of oocytes
- the uterine cycle
- uterus perpares for pregnancy
- what are the four sexual responses for males?
-
1.excitement- erection
2.plateau stage- seconds to minutes
3. orgasm- ejaculation 3-4cc semen
4. resolution-refreactory period
4. resoluction- refrac - what are the four sexual responses for females?
-
1. excitement- arousal first triggered by sights, sounds, & pshcholgocial stimuli
2. plateau- vasodilation in vulva
3. orgasm- rhythimic contractions of pelvic muscles
4. resolution- no waiting required - what is the structure of DNA nucleotides-
- Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)
- whats the difference that DNA makes when it transferes to RNA?
- absence of thymine (T), A-U (U= uricil) G-C.
- what is mRNA
- messenger RNA- carries the genetic code to the ribosomes. codons are found here.
- what is tRNA
- transfer RNA- transports amino acids to the work site.
- what is rRNA
- ribosomal RNA- structrual site of protein synthesis
- what is the process of breaking down molecules into smaller ones?
- dehydration synthesis
- what is Biotechnology
- the application of biological knowledge for human purposes
- what is genetic engineering
- the manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or an organism
- transgenic organisms
- the organisms that have been genetically altered so that they carry one or more foreigh genes.
- what are the 4 top biotech crops?
- soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola
- whhere are the 4 biotech foods produced
- USA, Argentina, Canada, and China
- the circulatory system
- the tussues and organs that transport nutrients and oxygen thoughout the body; and collects and transports wastes for elimation from the body.
- what are the 3 components of the circulatory system
-
1. cardiovasular system
2. blood
3. lymphatic system - carful now- what are the 4 components of cardiovascular system
-
1. the heart
2. arteries and arterioles
3. the capillaries
4. the veins and veinules - what are the layers of the heart walls
-
1. pericardium
2. epicardium
3. myocardium
4. endocardium - what are the 3 heart arrhythmias?
-
1. bradycardia
2. tachycardia
3. ventricular fibrillation - what is blood
- a liquid consisting of specialized cells and cell fragments suspended in a watery solution of molecules and ions
- what are the two agranular leukocytes- and what do they do?
-
1. monocytes- 5% of WBCs
2. lymphocytes- 30% of WBCs - what is health
- a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
- what is a disease
- a deleterious change in the bosy in response to an environmental factor ( such as an infectious organism or environmental stressors) or an inherent weakness ( a congenital condition)
- what is a pathogen
- a disease-causing microorganism such as a bacterium or virus
- what is an emergent disease
- a dieease that was not previously known or has been absent for at least 20 years
- what are the 3 organs of the lymphatic system
-
1. spleen
2. tonsils
3. thymus - what are phagocytes
- neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest foreign cells and viruses.
- what is an antigen
- any substance that mobilizes the immune response
- where are B cells made
- in the bone marrow
- where are the t cells made
- in the thymus gland
- what is respiration
- the physiological process by which oxygen moves into the internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out
- what are the 4 respiratory precesses
-
1. breathing
2. external respiration
3. internal respiration
4. cellulcar respiration - what is tidal volume
- the amount of air exchanged with a normal breath
- what is bronchitis
- the irritation of the ciliated epithelium that lines the bronchiole walls
- what is the urinary system
- the organs that produces transport, store, and excrete urine
- what does the hypothalamus do
- coordinates some autonomic functions of the pituitary gland
- what does the thalamus do?
- its the receiving, processing, and transfer center
- what does the limbic system do?
- its the center for emotions, behavior, and memory
- what is memory
- the ability to store information and later retrieve it.
- what are drugs?
- a substance introduced into the body to provoke a specific physiological response.
- what is a psychactive drug
- a substance that acts on the CNS by binding to receptors in the neuron plasma membrane
- what is drug abuse
- the use of a drug in a way that hards a person's health or interferes with the person's ability to function in society.
- what is trauma
- phyisical injury to the brain or spinal cord