Science Test Chap 4 Sections 4 & 5
Terms
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- Transform boundaries
- (a.k.a. strike slip fault) is a place where 2 plates slip past each other in opposite directions. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary.
- Plate Boundaries
- At plate boundaries, Earth's crust is broken (fault) and rocks slip past each other in one of 3 types of plate boundaries.
- Evidence of sea-floor spreading from Drilling Samples
- The last piece of evidence that scientists found had to do with the age of the rock on either side of the ridge. A drilling ship brought up core samples from the ridge that were taken at varying distances and found that the rock farthest from the ridge was the oldest and the rock nearest to the ridge was youngest. This correlation (pattern from youngest to oldest starting at the center of the ridge) was the same on either side of the ridge.
- Deep-ocean trench
- A place where the ocean floor bends downward and sinks back into the mantle.
- Rift valley
- A deep valley that forms where 2 plates move apart.
- Plate
- The separate sections of the lithosphere.
- Subduction
- The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench.
- How long to renew the ocean floor?
- 200 million years.
- Divergent boundaries
- (a.k.a. normal faulting) is a place where 2 plates move apart. Most of these types of boundaries occur at the mid-ocean ridge. On land, this boundary is called a rift valley, such as the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and the Rio Grande in Texas.
- Deep-ocean trenches in the Atlantic Ocean
- The Atlantic Ocean has fewer deep-ocean trenches and of course, the mid-ocean ridge can be found there. The spreading sea floor pushes the continental crust and the whole ocean becomes wider. The Atlantic Ocean is "growing".
- Sea-floor spreading
- The conveyer belt effect that occurs on the ocean floor and adds new material to the Earth's surface
- Evidence of sea-floor spreading from Magnetic Stripes
- The magnetic properties on both sides of the ridge were in the same pattern. Throughout Earth's history the magnetic poles have been reversed. Iron in the cooled rock at the ridge shows the direction of the poles at the time of cooling. The "reversed" and "normal" alignment of iron on either side of the ridge showed scientists that both sides have identical iron patterns.
- Fault
- A break or crack in Earth's lithosphere along which the rock moves.
- Plate Tectonics
- This theory explains plate movements and how they cause continental drift.
- What are the 3 plate boundaries?
- Transform boundaries, divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries.
- Cycle Diagram showing the processes that link a trench and the mid-ocean ridge
- Molten material erupts through the mid-ocean ridge forming oceanic crust which is subducted through a trench.
- Theory of Plate Motion
- In 1965, JT Wilson proposed the idea that the Earth's lithosphere was actually broken up into plates. These plates fit together like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle. Wilson combined the evidence for sea-floor spreading, the theory of continental drift, and his theories about Earth's plates to formulate a scientific theory. This theory states that the plates are in constant, slow motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. It explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth's plates.
- Continents' Slow Dance
- The rate of continental movement is slow averaging about 5 centimeters a year. Page 136-137 shows the rate of movement from 225 million years ago.
- Sonar
- Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor. Sonar is a technique that bounces sound waves off the ocean floor and records the time it takes for the wave to bounce back as a method of mapping the ocean floor. In animals and humans this technique is called echolocation or biosonar.
- Convergent boundaries
- (a.k.a. reverse fault) is a place where 2 plates come together. At places where oceanic crust converges, the denser oceanic crust will dive under the other (subduction). At places where oceanic crust and continental crust converge, the denser oceanic crust will dive under (subduction) the less dense continental crust. At places where 2 continental crusts converge, subduction does not take place. Rather, the plates crash and squeeze rock up into mountains!!!
- Evidence for Sea-floor Spreading
- In the 1960's, Harry Hess proposed the CAUSE that supports Wegener's theory of continental drift. He proposed that at the mid-ocean ridge, molten material rose from the mantle and erupted. This produces a conveyer belt effect that pushes the older rock to both sides of the ridge and adds new material to the Earth's surface (sea-floor spreading).
- Evidence for sea-floor spreading from Molten Material
- In the 1960's, a submarine named Alvin descended to the ocean floor at the mid-ocean ridge. Scientists collected data that showed the sea floor around the ridge was made up of pillow shaped rock that could only have been formed from rapid cooling occurring over and over.
- Deep-ocean trenches in the Pacific Ocean
- The Pacific Ocean has many deep-ocean trenches. These areas swallow up the ocean crust faster than the mid-ocean ridge can add new crust and therefore, the Pacific Ocean is "shrinking".