PHYAN Exam 4

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WHat is a white blood cell called?: Leukocyte
Why are WBCs important?: -crucial to help body fight disease
-produces more, in response to disease or injury
Which kind of cell is completely intact? Contains a nuclei and organelles. . . .: WBCs
How do WBCs travel?: via blood vessels
What is Leukemia?: -cancer of WBC line in bone marrow
-immature and incapable of immune fxn
What r the 2 types of Leukocytes?: Granulocytes

Agranulocytes
What do all of the granulocytes have in common?: -have lobed nuclei
-r all phagocytic`
What r the 3 granulocytes?: -Neutrophils
-Eosiniohils
-Basophils
What is a neutrophil?: GRANULOCYTE
-Most abundant WBC
-Has fine granules
-Extremely phagocytic
-Attacks BACTERIAL infections
What is a Eosinophil?: GRANULOCYTE
-2 lobed nuclei & red granules
-Attacks parasites and worms
What is a Basophil?: GRANULOCYTE
-rarest
-has large, blue, histamine containing granules
-Active in allergies & inflammation
-Releases histamine (vasodilator)
What order (from largest amt to smallest) do the WBCs go in?: N EVR
L ICK
M Y
E ASTER
B UNNY
What r the 2 AGRANULOCYTES?: -Lymphocytes
-Monocytes
What do all agranulocytes have in common?: -Lack of visible granules
-Nuclei r spherical or kidney shaped
Lymphocytes . . .: AGRANULOCYTE
-Have Large, purple nucleus (takes up most of cell)
-tiny cell
-2nd most abundant
Where do lymphocytes reside?: Lymphoid tissue:
-lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
-immunity cells
What is a monocyte?: -Largest WBC
-"U" shaped w/ dark blue nucleus
Where do monocytes migrate?: into the tissues, where they become macrophages
Order of the Leukocyte cells, largest to smallest % in body.: Neutrophils
Leukocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
What is a platelet?: Fragments of large cells
What is the name of the large cells that platelets are fragmented from?: MEGAKARYOCYTES
PLatelets are essential for. . .: Blood clotting
When there is a broken blood vessel, what do the platelets do? 4 steps. . .: a) stick to damaged site
-release chemicals tha attract more platelets
-form a temporary plug to seal the break
b) Secrete SEROTONIN
-causing vessel to spasm (contract)
-narrowing vessel
c) Secrete chemicals that start a:
-CLOTTING CASCADE
-Coagulation of the blood occurs in 3-6 minutes
d) Secrete chemicals that:
- Stimulate regrowth of damaged tissue
-dissolve clot
Blood cell formation is called:: Hematopoeisis
Hematopoeisis is in:: -red bone marrow
-adult's axial skeleton
Where do all of the blood cells arise from?: HEMOCYTOBLASTS (stem cells)
The body can compensate for blood losses up to about what percentage of total volume?: 30%
-more than that would be fatal
Transfusion of mismatched blood can be. . .: fatal
Whole blood transfusions are routine. What r the steps?: -blood bank collects the blood
-mixes it with anticoagulant
-can be stored for up to 35 days
Blood types are based on:: Interactions between antigens and antibodies
Antigens r:: - complex molecules (PRO)
- genetically unique
- occur on all membranes
- enable body to distinguish own cells
- detect foreign antigens
- activate the immune response
- response includes the secretion of antibodies, which binds ro antigen and destroys it
RBCs contain: antigens
Antigens are in: plasma
Transfusion of mismatched blood type causes:: - plasma antibodies to bind RBC antigens, clumping cells and clogging blood vessels
- release of hemoglobin causes kidney failure
What is released, when mismatched blood is transfused causing the kindey to fail?: hemoglobin
WHat type of antigen does Type A blood have?: A antigen
WHat type of antigen does Type B blood have?: B antigen
WHat type of antigen does Type AB blood have?: AB antigen
WHat type of antigen does Type O blood have?: no antigens

UNIVERSAL DONOR
WHen are antibodies formed?: after birth
Type A forms what antibodies?: anti B antibodies
Type B forms what antibodies?: anti A antibodies
Type AB forms what antibodies?: doesn't form any

UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
Type O forms what antibodies?: anti AB antibodies
2 possible incompatibility of transfusion, rxns:: - recipient's anitbodies attack transfused cells

- antibodies in transfused plasma attacks recipient's cells
WHat is the Rh factor?: another RBC antigen

+ or -
Is it better to have the Rh or not to have it?: better to have it
Erythroblastosis fetalis: Mother Rh -
Baby Rh +

during delivery, the mother may be exposed to the baby's Rh+ blood and she will begin to form anti Rh antibodies
-if she becomes preggers again w/ and Rh baby, her antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the baby's RBCs
-baby becomes anemic, hypoxic and then brain dead, and death come
WHat is the treatment of Erythroblastosis fetalis?: Rhogam
- contains anti Rh antibodies which will bind with the Rh + cells
- blocking the mother's immune response and not allowing her to make her own antibodies against the Rh antigen
When is rhogam given to the mother?: B4 or soon after delivery
the hardware that transports the blood consists of:: - heart pump
- blood vessels - pipes
Where is the heart located?: in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs
Your heart is about the size of your:: clenched fist
The heart is a: hollow, 4 chambered muscular organ
which end of the heart is the inferior end and tilts to the left?: APEX
What does the APEX contact?: the diaphragm
The broad superior part of the heart where vessels attach?: BASE
WHat is the loose fitting sac that encloses and protects the heart?: PERICARDIAL SAC
How does the pericardial sac protect the heart?: - Isolates the heart from other organs
- Prevents overexpansion
- Protects heart from giving or recieving infections
Where around the heart is the slippery fluid?: PERICARDIAL SPACE
What is the slippery fluid in the pericardial space called?: PERICARDIAL FLUID
What does the pericardial fluid do?>: - lubricates the heart
- allows it to beat almost w/o friction
What are the 3 layes of the heart wall called?: - Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Which layer of the heart wall it the outermost?: Epicardium
What is the epicardium made of?: epithelial tissue
Which layer of the heart is the thick, middle layer?: Myocardium
What is the myocardium made of?: cardiac muscle
Thickness of mycardium varies depending on:: - contraction needed to eject blood from the area
Which area of the heart has the thickest muscle?: left ventricle
Why does the L ventricle need such a big muscle?: B/c it's pumping blood into the whole body
Which layer of the heart wall is the inner layer?: Endocardium
Which lining of the heart is smooth, inner and lines the chambers and valves?: Endocardium
What is the endocardium made up of?: Simple squamous epithemium overlying thin areolar tissue

-it is continuous with the epi lining bvs
The chambers in the heart the recieve blood returning to the heart in veins:: ATRIA
Blood travels TO the heart in:: Veins
The atria are the 2 superior or inferior chambers of the heart?: SUPERIOR
which atrium recieves venous blood from: - superior vena cava - inferior vena cave - coronary sinus: RIGHT ATRIUM
Drains blood superior to diaphragm: Superior vena cava
Drains blood inferior to diaphragm: Inferior vena cava
Drains heart muscle itself: Coronary sinus
Which atrium recives blood from: - 4 pulmonary veins: LEFT ATRIUM
Which veins are the only ones in the body to have oxygenated venous blood in the body?: the pulmonary veins, after they go through the lungs and get oxygenated blood
Which chambers in the heart have thin walls?: the atria

-light workload
-just pump blood into ventricles below and have the help of gravity
What r the 2 inferior chambers of the heart?: ventricles
- pumps of the heart
Which chambers have a contraction that propels blood out of the heart and into the arteries?: Ventricles
Blood going away from the heart: Arterial blood
-travels in arteries
-usually oxygenated
recieves blood from the right atrium: right ventricle
the right ventricle pumps blood into the: pulmonary trunk
the pulmonary trunk branches into: R & L pulmonary arteries

- the only deoxygenated arterial blood
blood from pulmonary arteries goes to: the lungs for gas exchange
the left ventricle pumps blood into the: aorta & entire body
Ventricles are seperated by a thick:: INERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM
Ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart: Heart valves
atrioventricular (AV) valves: - between each atrium and its ventricle
- prevents backflow into atria when ventricles contract
Right AV valve: tricuspid valve
Left AV Valve: Bicuspid valve or
Mitral valve
between ventricles & large vessles, prevent backflow into ventricles when relaxed. . .: semilunar valves
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk:: pulmonary semilunar valve
Between Left ventricle and aorta:: Aortic semilunar valve
Average heart beats/min: 75
the heart has a _____ metabolic rate.: HIGH
The heart requires an abundant supply of:: oxygen and nutrients
Does the blood in the heart nourish the chambers?: NO!!!
Myocardium has: extensive BVS
Coronary circulation ensures that:: nutrients reach every muscle cell
R & L coronary arteries: -arise at base of aorta
-circle the heart in the ATRIOVENTRICULAR (coronary) GROOVE
-lie in epicardium, branch down into myocardium
-ALL coronary veins converge into: CORONARY SINUS . . . which empties into the Right atrium
All coronary veins converge into:: CORONARY SINUS
the coronary sinus epties into:: Right Atrium
What is it called when you have TEMPORARY ISCHEMIA to the myocardium?: Angina Pectoris
What is ischemia?: insufficient blood delivery
What does angina pectoris feel like?: heavyness or pain in chest
What happens to body when you have Angina Pectoris?: - Myocardium becomes hypoxic & relies on anearobic metabolism
- which then creates lactic acid
- There is reduced coronary blood flow caused by:
ATHEROSCLEROSIS or
Blood clot (thrombosis)
- Myocardial cells are damaged but they recover
When myocardium relies on anaerobic metabolism, what does it produce?: Lactic acid
Myocardium becomes hypoxic when you have:: angina pectoris
What is a myocardial infarction?: heart attack
what is fibrillation?: uncoordinated contractions of the heart
- Heart turns into a completely useless pump
- common cause of death
-certain myocytes r self-excitable, initiate their own depolarization because of leaky Na+ channels -they pass the action potential from cell to cell via gap junctions: MYOGENIC
skeletal muscle needs to be innervated but the heart is: myogenic
controls the rate & sequence of contraction: Intrinsic conduction system
What is the intrinsic conduction system composed of?: -Sinoatrial node "pacemaker"
-Atrioventricular node
-AV bundle, Bundle branches & Purkinje fibers
Special group of cells in the rught atrium that depolarizes at the fastest rate and sets the pace. Vagal tone. The "Pacemaker": Sinoatrial Node
The vagal tone does what to the heart beat?: slows it down
recieves the impulse from the SA node. The impulse is delayed to allow ventricles to fill: Atrioventricular Node
A network of fibers that carries the contraction signal to the ventricular septum: AV bundle, Bundle branches, Pukinje fibers
where does the contraction of ventricles begin?: at the APEX
Where are the av bundle bundle branches and purkinje fibers located?: interventricular septum & ventricle walls
The electircal currents generated and transmitted through the heart & body: Electrocardiography
the graphic recording of electrical changes: Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Abnormalities in shape and time of electrical impulses indicate: - problems with intrinsic conduction system
- or and myocardial infarction
-- area of dead myocytes
Normal contraction on heart: - atria contract simultaneously
- they relax and the ventricels contract
Systole: Contraction

120/60
(high# or top#)
Diastole: Relaxation

120/60
(low # or bottom #)
One complete heart beat takes about: .8 seconds
- Atrial diastole, ventricular systole begins - AV valves close (preventing backflow) -- S1 (not due to valve closure) - Semilunar valves r forced open - Blood pushes into large arteries - Atria r filling w/ blood: Ventricular Systole
- Ventricular diastole - Semilunar valves close -- preventing backflow into ventricles -- S2 "DUB" - Ventricles r momentarily closed chambers - AV valves open, ventricels begin to flow: Early Diastole
In the cardiac cycle, when is the S1 aka LUB?: During ventricular systole
In the cardiac cycle, when is the S2 aka DUB?: Early Diastole
What are the 3 periods of the cardiac cycle?: - Mid-to-Late Diastole
- Ventricular Systole
- Early Daistole
Most body cells are stationary, making them uncapable of:: -getting food and oxygen
-moving away from their own waste
What does blood transport?: - Water
- Nutrients
- O2
- Hormones
- Heat
- (waste) takes away
The only fluid tissue: BLOOD
Connective tissue: living cells seperated by a nonliving matrix: Blood
Erythrocytes: RBCs
What do erythrocytes transport?: O2

they make up 45% of blood volume (hematocrit)
Leukocytes: WBCs
What are leukocytes for the body?: defense system
Platelets: cell fragments
What another name for platelets?: thrombocytes
What are platelets involved in?: blood clotting
Platelets and leukocytes make up what percentage of blood in the body?: less than 1%
liquid part of blood: plasma
-90% water -yellowish -contains over 100 different substances: plasma
-amino acid based hormones -antibodies -albumin -clotting proteins: Plasma Proteins
Structure of erythrocytes. . .: - biconcave discs
-- large surface area for gas exchange
-- no organelles
SInce erythrocytes lack mitochondria they have to generate ATP by:: anaerobic glycolysis

- which also means that they don't use the O2 for themselves.
Since erythrocytes don't have a nucleus:: - can't synthesize proteins, grow or divide
- have a lifespan of 100-200 days
- become old and fragile, die in the spleen
Where do erythrocytes die?: SPLEEN
Erythrocytes are a sac of: hemoglobin
Hemoglobin: - iron containing protein (pigment)
- binds and transports O2
- 280 million Hb molecules in 1 RBC
- contains 4 iron atoms
RBC homeostasis: - 250 million made each second
- # is closely monitored
- hormonally controlled
WHen you have low Blood O2, what is released and from where?: the kidney releases

ERYTHROPOEITIN (EPO)
-red bone marrow. . . increases RBC production
Excess RBCs: polycythemia
- cancer of red cell line in bone marrow - hematocrit of 80% - increased blood viscosity (super thick)(pulls water out of tissue) - strains heart: Primary polycythemia
- every other cause - usually appropriate response to: -- altitude, exercise, dehydration: Secondary polycythemia
Artificially induced polycythemia: blood doping
-Low O2 carrying capability of the blood -pale, fatigued, short of breath , chilly: Anemia
Anemia causes:: -insufficient # of RBCs
-decreased hemoglobin content
-abnormal hemoglobin
When u have an isufficient # of RBCs. . .: - hemorraging may occur
- hemolysis (destruction of RBCs)
- bone marrow failure
iron or vitamin deficiency: decreased hemoglobin content
sickle-cell anemia: -1 of the aa in the Hb is wrong
-Hbs stick together under low O2 conditions
-RBC becomes sticky & sharp
-tissues become hypoxic (low O2) - intense pain
-transfusion
where did sickle cell anemia originate from?: Africa - "Malarial Belt"
--malaria paracite eats hemoglobin
--can't digest Hbs (sickle hemoglobin)
--gene survives
Volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle in one contraction (70ml): Stroke Volume (SV)
# of contractions per minute: Heart Rate (HR)
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute: Cardiac Output (CO)
Average adult blood volume is:: 5000ml

blood through body in 1 minute
Equation for blood volume: CO = HR * SV
Autonomic NS Sympathetic NS Heart Rate: physical or emotional stress
- Stimulates the SA & AV nodes & the cardiac muscle itself
--increases HR & SV
--Increases delivery of O2 & nutrients to body
Autonomic NS Parasympathetic NS Heart Rate: physical or emotional stress. When demands decline:

heart rate slows down
Hormone that mimics the sympathetic NS: Epinephrine
Hormone that affects the HR & SV: Thyroid Hormone
What do ions cause in the blood?: -Hypocalcemia
-hypercalcemia
-imbalances of Na and K cause arryhthmias
Hypocalcemia in the blood causes HR to: decrease
Hypercalcemia in the blood: prolongs contractions and may stop the heart
imbalances of Na and K in the blood may cause: arrhythmias
Physical factors affecting heart rate:: age
gender
heat
Weakening of the heart so circulation doesn't meet tissue needs due to: -clogging of coronary vessels -high blood pressure -multiple myocardial infarctions blood backs up EDEMA: Congestive Heart Failure
have 1 or 2 nuclei r short and branching r not arranged in bundles: Cardiac muscle fibers
Cardiac cells are joined end to end by:: intercalated discs
3 features of the intercalated discs:: 1) Adjacent membranes have interdigitating folds
2)Desmosomes (prevent seperation during contraction)
3) Gap junctions
-hollow cylinders allow ions to pass -transmit action potential -throughout heart --cells electrically stimulate eachother: Gap Junctions
Part of the intercalated discs that prevents seperation during contraction: Desmosomes
The dynamic (everchanging) pipes of the cardiovascular system: Blood vessels
Blood leaving heart passes through:: Arteries
-carry blood away from heart
-usually oxygenated
-become progressively smaller
Blood through body travels through these "pipes" starting at heart: arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
Blood returning to heart passes through:: Veins
-carry blood to heart
-usually deoxygenated
-become progressively larger
the business end of the circulatory system: capillaries
-exchange site -simple squamous epi -RBCs have to pass single file: capillaries
where are capillaries scarce? absent?: tendons and ligaments

absent in cartilage, epi, cornea, & lens of the eye

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