Geography Complete
Terms
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- Freeze Thaw
- breakup of rock by frost action. Must be plenty of precipitation, temperature must regularly rise above and fall below freezing pount. Occurs in mountainous areas and snow covered regions. Water seeps into the joints. Temp drops below zero and the water freezes and turns to ice and expands. Over time the repeated freeze thaw shatters the rock.
- Waterfall
- feature where water flows over a verticle slope. Hard or resistant rock lies on top of a band of soft rock. River erodes the soft rock more quickly than the hard rock.
- Transportation
- rivers are an agenty of transport. Traction, saltation, suspension, solution
- Attrition
- load itself worn down, smoothed and rounded.Process of erosion
- Swallow hole
- streams flow on lime stone surface, water widens the joints and stream dissaperes underground. Swallow hole is the shaft through which the rivver disappears.
- Traction
- larger particles (pebbels, stones) rolled allong the bed of the river.
- Disadvantages of Tourism
- Damage to flora/fauna. Change in quiet, unspoilt nature. Need to widen roads resulting in increased traffic & polution. Damage to monuments
- Plungepool
- feature of water fall. Falling watr cuts a hole called a plunge pool.
- Active
- Vesuvius (Italy)
- Basalt
- Igneous. Heavy, black. Lava cooled on the earths surface. Cooled to rapidly for any crystals to form. GIANT'S CAUSEWAY
- Mid Atlantic Ridge
- Deep under the atlantic ocean. fORMED BECAUSE THE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE IS PULLING AWAY FROM THE EURASIAN AND AFRICAN PLATE. Some are so high they reach above sea level to form volcanic islands (iceland)
- The Burren
- karst landscape in North Clare.
- Anticlyne
- Upward fold in a fold mountain.
- Impermeable rock
- ROCK THAT ISN'T ERRODED BY WATER
- Pangaea
- huge land mass that the continents of the world began as
- Tributary
- a small stream or river that joins up with a larger one
- Marble
- Metamorphic. White in colour but can chang depending on minerals present. Marble was formed from limestone. Hard rock, can be cut and polished. Found in CORK.
- Seizmograph
- measures the shockwaves of the earthquake
- Delta
- Triangular shaped area of land formed at the mouth of the river. River flows into the sea, loses its speed, deposits load of sediment. Tides & currents arent strong enough to carry it all out to the sea the deposits begin to build up. Mouth of the river soonb becomes clogged and the river brakes up in to smaller chanlles called distributaries.
- Mechanical Weathering
- Causes rock to be broken up into smaller pieces. Most likely to occur in areas of bare rock. E.g Freeze Thaw.
- Upper or youthful stage
- Valley has a narrow floor and steep sides. Steep gradient. Most of it's energy goes in to eroding.
- Carbonation.
- Occurs in Limestone landscapes. Rainwater takes in carbon dioxide as it passes through the atmosphere. Mixes with rain to form weak carbonic acid. Limestone contains calcium carbonate. Acid rain reacts with the calcium carbonate disolving it. Aided by weaknesses in limestone (joints).
- Continental Drift
- Plates float and move on the mantel.
- Erosion
- Breakdown of rocks and removal of the particles. cAUSED BY mOVING wATER, mOVIG ICE, MOVING AIR. Eventually deposited.
- Open cast mining and quarrying
- resource lies very close to the surface. Cheap but not friendly to the environmeant. Roadstone co. Peat - Bord na Mona.
- Solution
- dissolved load (limestone) is carried in a solution
- Human activity
- Cutting in to hillsides etc. Leaves slope steeper. Influences mass movement.
- Sandstone
- Seimentary. Coarse brown/red. Formed when large amounts of sand are worn from the earths crust, carried away and deposited on seabeds/lakes. The sand grains are slowly compressed and cemented to form rock. Macgillicuddy's Reeks.
- Hekla
- Volcanoe in Iceland
- Focus
- the place where an earthquake starts and shockwaves spread out from
- Clints
- blocks of limestone that speperate grikes
- Syncline
- Downward fold in a fold mountain
- Landslides
- rapid movement of regolith down a very steep slope. Landslides happen when the slope becomes unstable. (Quarrying, road building, erosion by sea. Heavy rain)
- Acid Test
- resr fir ckacuyn carbonate in soft rock like chalk/limestone. If it comes in contact with an acid (lemon juice) it fizzes.
- Bog bursts
- most common in upland area with peat. Large amounts of rainfall mean peat becomes saturated with water. Peat moves down slope quickly blocking roads and covering ffarmland.
- Confluence
- the point at which a tributary joins the river
- Moh's Scale
- Scale that grades the hardness of a mineral. Friedrich Mohs. Each mineral can be scratched by a mineral lower on the scale.
- Course
- the route a river takes as it flows into th esea
- Transition Zone
- Under the crust. Made of hot molten rock and other partly cooled semi solid rock substances.
- Earth's Crust
- the upper layer of the earthg averaging about 40km (25miles) thick. Solid Rock (Basalt, Granite)
- Shaft Mining
- resources lies in the seams deep beneath the surface. Verticel shafts to reach the seams. Extracts lead and zin ores. Navan, Lisheed. Galmoy.
- Overhang
- feature of waterfal. falling water cuts under the waterfall.
- Curtain
- continuous sheet of clacite formed when rainwater drips from a long crack in cavern roof
- Levees
- raised banks of alluvium. Floods begin to spread out over a flood plain, it looses its energy and begins to deposit its load. Heavier particles are deposited close to the river abnks. They build up to form levees. Missisippi.
- Mouth
- the point at which a river enters the sea or lake
- Mudflows
- very rapid mass movement. Occurs on both gentle and steep slopes. Occurs after torrential rain when soil is saturated and turns to mud.
- Limestone Pavement
- Large area of exposed limestone. Flat terraces, steep edges
- Dormant
- Cotopaxi (Peru)
- Wider valley
- sides of mature valley are less steep and the lfoor is wider and flat
- Fold Mountains
- Alps, Rockys, Andes.
- Meanders
- cirves or loops that develope along the course of a river. Formed by both erosion & deposition. River flows around a slighht ben the water on the outside band flows more quickly and has more power t erode. Water on the inner bank flows more slowly
- Epicentre
- The place on the surface area (directly above focus) where the earthquake hits the hardest
- Alluvium
- thin layer of very fertile clay on the flood plain
- Armorican foldings
- era when older fold mountains were formed. 250million years ago. Macgillicuddy's Reeks (Irish mountains)
- Mass Movement
- The movement of any loose material downslope under the influence of gravity.
- Weathering
- the breakdown and dec ay of rocks that are exposed to the weather (mechanical, chemical)
- Plates
- Parts that the crust is broken up in to
- Hydraulic action
- moving water breaks off material from the banks and bed of the river Process of erosion
- Mid Ocean Ridge
- long winding chain of mountains on the ocean floor that were formed by volcanic activity (plates seperating)
- Cone shaped mountain volcanoes are made of
- lava flow and ash layers
- Karst Landscape
- bare limestone landscape shows the effects of carbonation. THE BURRE
- Passage
- a long tunnel formed by underground streams
- Innercore
- Solid nickel. Solid due to immense pressure.
- Extinct
- Slemish (Antrim)
- Watershed
- high ground that seperates one basin from another
- Convection Currents
- currents of semi molten magma that plates move on
- Alpine Foldings
- era when young fold mountains were formed. 35 million years ago.
- When plates colide..
- Tremendous pressure. One plate sinks down in to the mantle and melts. Destructive boundarie. (Volcanic mountains, earthquakes, fold mountains)
- Saltation
- small sandsized particles are bounced along the bed of the river
- Concave
- outerbank
- Basin
- the land area from which a river and its tributaries drain water
- Granite
- Igneous. Hard, course, multicoloured. Feldspare and mica or quartz. Magma cooled deep within the earths crust. Cooled slowly to form large crystals.
- Slate
- Metamorphic. Formed from sedimentary rock shale.
- Ox bow lakes
- develope from well developed meanders. The neck of the land between the meanders becomes narrower. Flood cuts through it. Sediment deposited seals both ends. River now flows straight & ox bow lake is seperate
- Middle or mature stage
- Valley has a wider floor and the sides are more gently sloping. Gentle gradient. greater volume. Large load of material
- Estuary
- The part of the mouth that is tidal
- Grikes
- ejoints or cracks in the limestone that have been widened and deepend by weathering
- Benefits of Tourism
- increase in local employment . Spinoff benefits (pubs etc.) Reduction in outward migration. Improved services
- Interlocking spurs
- Areas of high ground that jut out and lock together. River meets obstacles and is unable to flow through them so it flows around them but contineues to erode downwards. Youthful landform
- Richter Scale
- scale of severity of the earthquake
- Source
- the lace where a river or stream begins
- When plates push past one another..
- Land is neither gained nor lost. Friction as plates push past eachother causes earth quakes.
- Denudation
- Solid and loose material of the earths crust being gradually worn down by a number of processes. Umbrella term.
- Regolith
- loose material like rock, soil and mud.
- Limestone
- Irelands most common rock. Sedimentary. Remains of fish and other sea creatures's skeletons pile up in shallow seas. Skeletons crushed by the weight of later deposits and cemented together by seawater. THE BURREN.
- Scree
- Sharp jagged pieces of rock broken off as a result of freeze thaw. Deposition/waste.
- V-shaped valley
- narrow floor and steep sides. Formed when a river cuts down into its bed by deepining it by vertical erosion & weathering breaks the sides. Youthful landform.
- Soil Creep
- Slowest type o fmass movement. Decreases with depth of the soil. Causes steps called terracettes in fields.
- Fissure Eruption
- A long crack in the earth's crust through which lava flows gently to the surface to spread out forming a plateau (example: Antrim Plateau)
- Outercore
- Molten due to very high temp.
- Pacific Ring Of Fire
- The worlds largest earthquake and volcanoe zone
- When plates seperate..
- Molten magma rises from the mantle where it cools to form a new crust. Constructive Boundary. (Volcanies, Mid-ocean ridges, islands)
- lower or old age stage
- Valley hasa sa wide, flat floor and gentle sides. Almost flat gradient. Large load. Mainly deposition.
- Abrasion
- the load of material carried along by the river hits the banks and bed of the river wearing them away Process of erosion
- Water Content
- The presence of water following heavy rain. Makes regolith heavier. Acts as lubricant
- Gradient
- The slope on which mass movement can occur. Influences Mass Movement
- Chemical Weathering
- Occurs when rocks decay or dissolve because of a chemical change. E.g CARBONATION.
- solution
- rocks disollved by the acids in the water. Process of erosion
- Mantle
- Magma. 4000 degrees celsious. Magma flows in slow moving currents
- Quartzite
- Variesin colours. Hard consists of quarts. Was fromed from sandstone. Forms pointed peaks on mountains. SUGARLOAF MOUNTAINS.
- Floodplain
- level area of land on either side fo the river. has a covering of alluvium. alluvium is built up over many periods of flooding.
- Offshore Drilling
- takes place where oil and gas are found under the sea bed. Rig/pipeline. Kinsale Head. Corrib gas field.
- Convex
- inner bank
- Suspension
- lightest particles (silt) are carried along suspended in the water