respiratory
Terms
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- chronic bronchitis
- cilliary action doesn't work
- Biphosphoglcerate
- substance produced by RBC when breakdown glucose (RBC metabolic rate) combines with Hb reducing its afinity for O2
- pleural fluid
- causes parietal and visceral pleura to adhere so when tharacic cavity moves lungs move with it
- alveolar epithelium consists of
- type 1 alveolar cells simple squamous ep and type 2 alveolar cells scattered amoung layer of type1 that secrete alveolar fluid
- alveolar fluid
- keeps alveolar cells moist and contanins a surfactants substance to lower surface tension of a liquid keeps walls from sticking together
- Alveolar ventilation rate and breath per minutes
- increasing volume of AVR and bpm slower deepr breath is better
- inspiratory capacity (IC)
- total amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal exhalation
- Co2 in plasma
- 60 &0 % as bicarbonate ions
- peurisy
- inflammation of pluer due to underproduction of plueral fluid painful
- Total lung Capacity (TLC)
- total of all respiratory volumes
- partial pressure of CO2
- High PCO2 promotes O2 unloading by increasing acidity so more O2 released to surrounding tissue
- alveoli in normal adult lung
- 300 million increases surface area for gast ewchange to 70msquared
- pneumothorax
- air filling pueral cavity result of a puncture of thoracic wall allowing air to rush in and equalize pressure may collaps lung
- expiratory muscles
- forced expiration abdominal wall muscles and internal intercostal muscles
- resppiratory zone includes
- respiratory bronchioles aveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli
- Partially Saturated
- when 1,2, or 3 O2 bound to it %of Hv saturation
- acidosis
- acidemia pH of extracellular fluid lower than normal
- pulmonary ventilation
- mvmnt of air in and out of lungs
- Blood pH greater than 7.8
- convulsions and death due to respiratory arrest
- alkalosis
- condition in which pH of extracellular fluid higher than normal pH
- alveoli equalization of pressure
- fine elastic fiber with alveolar pores small oeinings btween adjacent alveoli
- residual volume (RV)
- volume of air that remains in lungs after most forecful exhalation
- tidal volume (TV)
- volume of air moved in and out normal breath
- emphysema
- alveolar walls break down
- alveoli surrounded by
- dense network of pulmonary cappillaries with walls composed of a basement membrane and simple squamous epithelium gas exchange occurs
- factors increase RBC metabolic rate increase
- low Hb concentration (anemia) Low PO2 (high altitudes), fever (increase in temp) hormones (thyroxine, human growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine and testosterone
- conducting zone structures function
- warm humidify and filter
- alkalosis effect
- overexcitibility in CNS and periphereal nerves tetany muscle spasm extreme nervousness
- pO2 decreases as
- air pressure decreases w higher altitude so does O2
- oxygen loding
- hemoglobin combines with O2 oxyhemoglobin
- respiratory acidosis
- results from hypoventilation Too much CO2
- TLC =
- VC (TV + IRV + ERV) + RV
- acidosis effects
- depression of central nervous systme by inhibiting synaptic transmission (less than 7 sever depression)
- FRC =
- RV + ERV
- conducting zone includes
- nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles terminial bronchioles
- transport of respiratory gases
- transport of O2 and CO2 betwn lungs and body tissues via blood
- visceral pleura
- inner laryer of pleura membrane that cover external surface of lungs
- IC =
- TV + IRV
- Hb saturation with O2 affected by
- partial pressure, Acidity, Partial pressure of CO2, tmep, amount of BPG in blood
- alveoli composed
- simple squamous epithelium and thin elastic basement membrane secreted by it
- external respiration
- gas exhng ocurs in lungs btwn air and blood
- alveolar macrophages
- dust cells wandering macrophages occuing inside alveol that remove inhaled debris including microorganisms
- Respiratory alkalosis
- results from hperventaltion due to drop in CO2 level
- partial pressure of O2
- 760 mm Hg x 21% = 159.6 mm Hg
- VC =
- TV + IRV + ERV
- total dead space
- anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space in healthy adult is usally negligible
- acidity and Hb afinity for O2
- Bohr effect low Ph changes shape of heme releasing O2 to surronding tissue
- partial pressure
- pressure exerted by each gas in mixutre = product of total pressure of gas mixture x its percentage of total
- alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
- volume of new atmospheric moved into alveoli and available for gas exhange during a given time
- vibrissae
- coarse hairs in nose screen large debris
- hpervenitlation due to
- O2 deficiency, lung disease, brain tumor or injury asprin overdose
- inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
- volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond tidal volume
- vital capacity (VC)
- max amount of air can be exhaled after deepest possible inhalation
- actively metabolizing cells and O2
- cells generate and release heat and CO2 have lower PO2 causing O2 unloading in their vicintiy
- nasal cavity sepearted from cranial cavity
- cranial cavity is seperated from -------- ---------- byethmoid and sphenoid bones and anteriorly from oral cavity and by hard palate supported by maxillary bones and palantine bone and posteriorly by soft palate
- CO2 disolved in Plasma
- least CO2 7 10 transported this way
- inspiration
- diapjhram contracts increase size and volume of thoracic cavity expands lung causing a decrease in pressure and air flows in
- parietal pleura
- outer layer of pleural membrane lines wall of thoracic cavity including each lung
- O2 is carried by
- 98% bound to hemoglobin in RBC
- temperatre and O2 unloading
- heat changes Hb structure decreasing affinity for o2 and is released to surounding tissue
- inspiratory muscles
- diaphram and external intercostal muscles
- functional residual capacity (FRC)
- total amount of air remains in lung after tidal exhalation
- internal respiration
- gas exhng occurs at cell membrane btwn blood and body cells
- expiration
- diaphram relaxes increase in presure air rushes out
- pleural cavity
- narrow space btween parietal and visceral pluera filledd with plural fluid
- conducting zone
- interconnecting system of respiratory passg carries air to and from sites of gas exhng in lungs
- alveolar dead space
- volume of air in nonfunctional alveoli due to collapse or obstruction
- Dalton's law of parital pressures
- total pressure of gas mixture = sum of pressure that each gas in mix would exert independently
- anatomical dead space
- volume of respiratory passages where no gas exhange occurs
- cellular respiration
- chemical reactions cells use O2 and produce CO2 breeaking down energy molecules stored in ATP
- respiratory zone
- interconnectiong system of respiratory passageways where gas exhange occurs
- expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
- volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume
- interpeural presure
- in pleural cavity normally slightly less than both intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure
- hypoventilation
- disease emphysema cistic fibrosis chronic bronchitis, pulmonary edema, depression of resp center in brain due to injury or drug overdose ariway obstruction dysfunction of respiratory muscles
- partial pressure of O2
- high Po2 promotes O2 loading so Hb binds with more O2 the higher the Po2
- cystic fibrosis
- produce excessive mucus
- nasal cavity lined
- mucous membrane of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contaning goblet cells
- fully saturated
- when all 4 of heme groups bound to O2
- carbaminohemoglobin
- 20 30 % CO2 transported bound to hemoglobin