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respiratory

Terms

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chronic bronchitis
cilliary action doesn't work
Biphosphoglcerate
substance produced by RBC when breakdown glucose (RBC metabolic rate) combines with Hb reducing its afinity for O2
pleural fluid
causes parietal and visceral pleura to adhere so when tharacic cavity moves lungs move with it
alveolar epithelium consists of
type 1 alveolar cells simple squamous ep and type 2 alveolar cells scattered amoung layer of type1 that secrete alveolar fluid
alveolar fluid
keeps alveolar cells moist and contanins a surfactants substance to lower surface tension of a liquid keeps walls from sticking together
Alveolar ventilation rate and breath per minutes
increasing volume of AVR and bpm slower deepr breath is better
inspiratory capacity (IC)
total amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal exhalation
Co2 in plasma
60 &0 % as bicarbonate ions
peurisy
inflammation of pluer due to underproduction of plueral fluid painful
Total lung Capacity (TLC)
total of all respiratory volumes
partial pressure of CO2
High PCO2 promotes O2 unloading by increasing acidity so more O2 released to surrounding tissue
alveoli in normal adult lung
300 million increases surface area for gast ewchange to 70msquared
pneumothorax
air filling pueral cavity result of a puncture of thoracic wall allowing air to rush in and equalize pressure may collaps lung
expiratory muscles
forced expiration abdominal wall muscles and internal intercostal muscles
resppiratory zone includes
respiratory bronchioles aveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli
Partially Saturated
when 1,2, or 3 O2 bound to it %of Hv saturation
acidosis
acidemia pH of extracellular fluid lower than normal
pulmonary ventilation
mvmnt of air in and out of lungs
Blood pH greater than 7.8
convulsions and death due to respiratory arrest
alkalosis
condition in which pH of extracellular fluid higher than normal pH
alveoli equalization of pressure
fine elastic fiber with alveolar pores small oeinings btween adjacent alveoli
residual volume (RV)
volume of air that remains in lungs after most forecful exhalation
tidal volume (TV)
volume of air moved in and out normal breath
emphysema
alveolar walls break down
alveoli surrounded by
dense network of pulmonary cappillaries with walls composed of a basement membrane and simple squamous epithelium gas exchange occurs
factors increase RBC metabolic rate increase
low Hb concentration (anemia) Low PO2 (high altitudes), fever (increase in temp) hormones (thyroxine, human growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine and testosterone
conducting zone structures function
warm humidify and filter
alkalosis effect
overexcitibility in CNS and periphereal nerves tetany muscle spasm extreme nervousness
pO2 decreases as
air pressure decreases w higher altitude so does O2
oxygen loding
hemoglobin combines with O2 oxyhemoglobin
respiratory acidosis
results from hypoventilation Too much CO2
TLC =
VC (TV + IRV + ERV) + RV
acidosis effects
depression of central nervous systme by inhibiting synaptic transmission (less than 7 sever depression)
FRC =
RV + ERV
conducting zone includes
nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles terminial bronchioles
transport of respiratory gases
transport of O2 and CO2 betwn lungs and body tissues via blood
visceral pleura
inner laryer of pleura membrane that cover external surface of lungs
IC =
TV + IRV
Hb saturation with O2 affected by
partial pressure, Acidity, Partial pressure of CO2, tmep, amount of BPG in blood
alveoli composed
simple squamous epithelium and thin elastic basement membrane secreted by it
external respiration
gas exhng ocurs in lungs btwn air and blood
alveolar macrophages
dust cells wandering macrophages occuing inside alveol that remove inhaled debris including microorganisms
Respiratory alkalosis
results from hperventaltion due to drop in CO2 level
partial pressure of O2
760 mm Hg x 21% = 159.6 mm Hg
VC =
TV + IRV + ERV
total dead space
anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space in healthy adult is usally negligible
acidity and Hb afinity for O2
Bohr effect low Ph changes shape of heme releasing O2 to surronding tissue
partial pressure
pressure exerted by each gas in mixutre = product of total pressure of gas mixture x its percentage of total
alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
volume of new atmospheric moved into alveoli and available for gas exhange during a given time
vibrissae
coarse hairs in nose screen large debris
hpervenitlation due to
O2 deficiency, lung disease, brain tumor or injury asprin overdose
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond tidal volume
vital capacity (VC)
max amount of air can be exhaled after deepest possible inhalation
actively metabolizing cells and O2
cells generate and release heat and CO2 have lower PO2 causing O2 unloading in their vicintiy
nasal cavity sepearted from cranial cavity
cranial cavity is seperated from -------- ---------- byethmoid and sphenoid bones and anteriorly from oral cavity and by hard palate supported by maxillary bones and palantine bone and posteriorly by soft palate
CO2 disolved in Plasma
least CO2 7 10 transported this way
inspiration
diapjhram contracts increase size and volume of thoracic cavity expands lung causing a decrease in pressure and air flows in
parietal pleura
outer layer of pleural membrane lines wall of thoracic cavity including each lung
O2 is carried by
98% bound to hemoglobin in RBC
temperatre and O2 unloading
heat changes Hb structure decreasing affinity for o2 and is released to surounding tissue
inspiratory muscles
diaphram and external intercostal muscles
functional residual capacity (FRC)
total amount of air remains in lung after tidal exhalation
internal respiration
gas exhng occurs at cell membrane btwn blood and body cells
expiration
diaphram relaxes increase in presure air rushes out
pleural cavity
narrow space btween parietal and visceral pluera filledd with plural fluid
conducting zone
interconnecting system of respiratory passg carries air to and from sites of gas exhng in lungs
alveolar dead space
volume of air in nonfunctional alveoli due to collapse or obstruction
Dalton's law of parital pressures
total pressure of gas mixture = sum of pressure that each gas in mix would exert independently
anatomical dead space
volume of respiratory passages where no gas exhange occurs
cellular respiration
chemical reactions cells use O2 and produce CO2 breeaking down energy molecules stored in ATP
respiratory zone
interconnectiong system of respiratory passageways where gas exhange occurs
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume
interpeural presure
in pleural cavity normally slightly less than both intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure
hypoventilation
disease emphysema cistic fibrosis chronic bronchitis, pulmonary edema, depression of resp center in brain due to injury or drug overdose ariway obstruction dysfunction of respiratory muscles
partial pressure of O2
high Po2 promotes O2 loading so Hb binds with more O2 the higher the Po2
cystic fibrosis
produce excessive mucus
nasal cavity lined
mucous membrane of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contaning goblet cells
fully saturated
when all 4 of heme groups bound to O2
carbaminohemoglobin
20 30 % CO2 transported bound to hemoglobin

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