History, Section 10
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- Change from producing goods by hand to producing goods by machine
- Industrial Revolution
- The Industrial Revolution began in England because England had what five things?
-
1. Wealth
2. Raw materials (iron ore and coal)
3. Large population of workers
4. Market for the goods (the 13 colonies in england provided the needed markets
5. Land had not been hurt by warefare (since england was an island, it rarely fought on its own turf, therefore soil did not suffer - Who was hurt by the enclosure movement?
- the small farmers
- what was the enclosure movement?
- the fencing in of public pasture land
- Farms needed fewer workers becuase of
- improvements in the way crops were planted
- who moved to the cities to work?
- the farmers that were hurt by the enclosure movement (the fencing in of public pasture land)
- One of England's largest industries
- textile industry
- Cotton (_______ ________) were made into thread by spinning it on a spinning wheel
- Without seeds
- Thread was made into cloth by weavingit on a ____
- loom
- Made it possible to spin thread rapidly
- Spinning jenny
- replaced the spinning wheel
- the spinning jenny
- Invented by James Hargreaves
- the spinning jenny
- name the inventor of the spinning jenny
- James Harsgreaves
- This invention was improved by later inventors
- spinning jenny
- Weaving process was improved by invention of the __________-________ _______ _______ (which replaced the ________ __________)
- power-operated weaving loom (replaced hand loom)
- Machine for picking seeds out of cotton
- Cotton gin
- Invented by an American
- Cotton gin
- who invented the cotton gin?
- eli whitney
- Textile work was done in _______- now _____ were being built to house ___ ________
- homes, now factories were being built to house new machines
- Many early machines were powered with ______ ________
- water power
- This had many disadvantages
- machines operated by water power
- Invented the modern steam engine
- James Watt
- Operated by coal
- steam engine
- developed a an inexpensive way to make steel from iron
- Henry Bessemer
- ________ largely replaced ________
- steel largely replaced iron
- Better means of transportation were needed to take _________ ___ _______ and _________ _____ ________ ________
- goods to market and the materials to the factories
- Name three improvements
- Better roads, canals were built and steamboats
- Robert Fulton in the U.S. was known for his work with these
- steamboats
- made it easy to sail upstream
- steamboats
- name another improvement besides canals, steamships and roads
- railroads/locomotives
- One of the inventors of the telegraph and an American
- Samuel Morse
- developed a telegraph code called the _ __
- Morse Code
- In the 1870's, he invented the telephone
- Alexander Graham Bell
- immigrant to the U.S.
- Alexander Graham Bell
- Invented the electric lightbulb
- Thomas Edison
- What was one effect of the Industrial Revolution?
- Cities rapidly increased in size
- Working conditions in factories and mines: name 7
-
1. Low pay
2. Long hours
3. Children worked
4. Unsafe conditions
5. Unhealthy conditions
6. Financial help rarely given to the injured or to their families
7. Unemployment was a constant threat - Families would live in _ or ____ room
- one or two
- What developed as a result of the living areas?
- Slum areas
- Sickness and disease were caused by 3 things
-
1. Inadequate sewage disposal
2. Lack of clean water
3. Lack of clean air - Grups organized by workers to seek better pay and working conditions
- Labor unions
- These were illegal in Europe intil the early 1800's
- labor unions
- economic system where businesses are privately owned and privately operated for a profit
- Capitalism
- From Scotland
- Adam Smith
- Strong believer in __ and ___
- capitalism and laissez faire (Adam Smith)
- Wrote the Wealth of Nations
- Adam Smith
- Says that in capitalism nusinesses are regulated by
- two natural laws
- Name the two natural laws and define them
-
1. Law of supply and demand: (1) Small supply +high demand equal high price (2) Large supply plus high demand equal low price
2. Law of competition: (1) Businesses will compete with each other to sell a product
(2) Competition will cause a product to have a lower price or to be of better quality - means "hands off"
- laissez faire
- This idea says that the government should not interfere with businesses-the two natural laws should govern
- laissez faire
- Believe living and working conditions culd be improced only be ablishing capitalism
- Socialists
- Name the two groups of socialists
- Utopian and Scientific
- Believed that an ideal society could be created by peacefully ablishing capitalism
- Utopian socialist
- Utopian socialist/British factory owner
- Robert Owen
- Established a town where workers were give good working and living conditions
- Robert Owen
- Said capitalism should be abolished only be a violent revolution
- Scientific socialists
- These people said their ideas were "scientific" because they said their ideas were based on _________ and _________
- Scientific socialist (observation and research)
- Later these people were called communists
- Scientific socialists
- Best known of the scientific socialists
- Karl Marx
- Wrote The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
- Karl Marx
- He was assisted by Friedrich Engels
- Karl Marx
- Both were Germans
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
- ________'s father was a wealthy capitalist-_______ helped to support ____ because ______ rarely worked
- Engel's father was a wealthy capitalist-Engels helped to support Marx because Marx rarely worked
- _______ and ________ lived most of their lives in England
- Marx and Engels
- This German said that throughout history, classes had struggled with each other
- Karl Marx
- Name the two classes during the 1800's
- Proletariat and the bourgeoisie
- believed the __________ would organize a violent revolution and overthrow the ____________
- proletariat,capitalists (marx)
- The philosophy of the revolution would be
- "to each according to his ability, to each according to his need"
- Marx wrote: (The _______ have nothing to lose but their _____"
- proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains
- What did Marx write that started with" The proletarians have nothing to lose.....(fill in
- but their chains. They have the world to win. Men of all working countries unite!"
- Marx believed that the Revolution would begin in an industrialized nation (such as ____-_______, ______ or _________)
- Great Britain, France or Germany
- Who is called the "Father of Communism"?
- Karl Marx
- Not a government system
- Capitalism
- Economic and political system where all busineses are owned and operated by the government
- Communism today
- Economic system where the major businesses are usually owned and operated by the government
- Socialism today
- not a system of government
- socialism today
- examples of socialistic countries today-_____,____,________- and _______(to a lesser extent)
- France, Germany, Canada and Britain
- Author of "The Origin of Species"
- Charles Darwin
- This book discussed the theory of evolution
- The Origin of Species
- Darwin was NOT involved with this movement
- Social Darwinism
- Said that it was fine for superior or stronger people to take advantage of weaker ones
- Social Darwinism
- Four important forces were emerging: name these
-
1. Socialism
2. Imperialism
3. Nationalism
4. Liberalism - Conquering of foreign territory
- Imperialism
- Feeling of loyalty and patriotism towards one's nation of one's cultural group
- Nationalism
- This feeling led many nationalities that did not have a nation of their own to desire one
- Nationalism
- Belief that people should have (1) Greater freedoms such as speech, religion and press (2) greater voice in the government
- Liberalism
- What term has a different meaning today?
- Nationalism
- ________ and _________ were called "the left"
- radicals and liberals
- ____________ and _________ were are called "the right"
- conservatives and reactionaries
- extreme conservative, one who opposes changes and wants to return matters to the way they had been
- Reactionary
- Example of this is Klemens Von Metternich
- Reactionary
- Present day example of this is
- the Klu Klux Klan
- extreme liberal who favors drastic changes, often wants violent revolution
- radical
- 19th century example of a radical
- Karl Marx
- present day example of a radical
- communist
- Liberals and conservatives in the 19th century had __________ views from today's liberals and conservatives
- different
- favor a very powerful government
- liberals
- tend to favor most gun control
- liberals
- usually oppose capital punishment
- liberals
- usually favor legalization of abortion
- liberals
- want to increase amount of money government spends on needy
- liberals
- says the government has become too powerful
- conservatives
- oppose most gun control
- conservatives
- usually favor capital punishment
- conservatives
- want to decrease amount of governemnt money given to these (the needy should get help from private organizations)
- conservatives
- English government in the 19th century and today have ___ branches
- 2
- Upper house of English governemtn
- House of Lords
- Lower house of the English government
- House of Commons
- Today, the _______ ___ _____ has little power
- House of Lords
- At the beginning of the 19th century, few ___ and no _____ had the right to vote
- men and no women
- _________ reforms were slowly made
- political
- Name four polical reforms that were slowly made
-
1. most males got the right to vote
2. women did not get the right to vote until the 20th century
3. growing representatives received more representatives
4. The secret ballot was adopted - Most ____ got the right to vote by the end of the ____ century
- males, 19
- Women did not get the right to vote in all elections until the ___ century
- 20
- ________ _____ received more representatives in the _____ __ ________
- Growing cities received more representatives in the House of Commons
- In the 1800's, there were 2 major political parties in Britain-name these
-
1. Conservatives
2. Liberals - Period during which Victoria was the British queen
- Victorian Era
- Name two outstanding Prime Ministers during the Victorian Era
-
1. William Gladstone
2. Benjamin Disraeli - What was the political party of William Gladstone?
- Liberal party
- What was the policital party of Benjamin Disraeli?
- Conservative Party
- This country was controlled by Great Britain
- Ireland
- Over a million Irish died because of
- a potato crop failure
- Hundreds of thousands of Irish emigrated to
- the United States
- Who became king after Napoleon was exiled?
- Louis 18
- brother of Louis 16
- Louis 18
- The brother of Louis 16 was what kind of monarch?
- limited constitutional monarch (he was old, didn't want to stir up trouble so he behaved himself)Louis 18
- Ruler of France, ruled until his/her death, member of Bourbon family
- Louis 18
- Brother of Louis 16 and Louis 18
- Charles x
- who wanted to become an absolute monarch, who were his/her brothers and what type of political person was he/she?
- Charles X, Louis 16 and 18, reactionary (wanted to go BACK to way things were)
- Overthrown in the Revolution of 1830 and fled the country
- Charles X
- Nephew of Napoleon that was elected president
- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
- Used the title Napoleon III
- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
- Declared himself emperor and used a title
- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
- By the late 1800's France had abolished the monarchy-it was never ____________
- restored
- Latin America refers to the countries
- Mexico, Central America, South America and the West Indies
- Most of Latin America had been settle by _____
- Spain
- Brazil was settled by
- Portugal
- In the early 1800's, the people in the Spanish controlled areas began ______ __ ________
- fighting for independence
- The two most important leaders in Latin America's fight for independence were
-
1. Simon Bolivar
2. Jose' de San Martin - By 1826, almost all of Latin Ameriaca had recieved its ________________
- independence
- ________ received its independence without fighting
- Brazil
- What happened in 1830
- Revolution in France
- What happened in the 20th century?
- Women got the right to vote in all British elections