Lifespan Development Unit II Exam
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- What is Natural selection?
- The evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce
- What did Charles Darwin believe?
- That of the young born to different species, the ones who survive were probably superior in a number of ways to those who did not
- What is the theory of adaptation?
- That survivors of differnt species survive because they are better adapted to their world, and leave most offspring
- What is adaptive behavior?
- behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat (adpting to particular places, climates, food
- What is evolutionary psychology?
- emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior
- Referring to evolutionary psychology what does "fit" mean?
- The ability to bear offspring that survive long enough to bear offspring of their own
- What does David Buss believe?
- evolution influences how we make decisions, how aggressive we are, our fears and our mating patterns
- How can David Buss' belief be explained?
- if our ancestors were hunters and needed to travel to find food-he would need more than physical traits-he would need spatial thinking
- Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. Explain the extended "juvenille" period.
- an extended juvenille period evolved because of a need for a larger brain, humans take longer to become sexually mature, needed to learn complexity of social
- Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. Explain the aspects of childhood.
- Many aspects of childhood function as preparations for adulthood and were selected over the course of evolution. ie-play teaches children a lot that can help them adapt as adults
- Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. Explain the aspects of childhood as to selective adaptation.
- Some characteristics of childhood were to help children adapt to their immediate environment and not as adult preparation
- Evolutionary Developmental Psychology. Explain how evolved psychological mechanisms are domain specific.
- a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup, specific modules for information processing-foundation for soc-cog devel.
- What is the thrust of evolutionary theory?
- That individuals live long enough to reproduce and pass on their characteristics.
- What did Paul Baltes say about the benefits of evolutionary selection as we age?
- That the benefits decrease with age, selection primarily operates during first half of life, reproduction
- What does Baltes say increases as evolutionary selection decreases?
- The need for culture increases. As adults weaken physically, literacy, medical and social support to maintain cognitive skills
- Explain Albert Bandura's bidirectional view towards evolution.
- environmental and biological conditions influence one another
- What mechanism do we have to pass characteristics from one generation to the next?
- principles of genetics, we each carry a genetic code that we inherited from our parents (single cell weighing one 20th million oz)
- What are chromosomes?
- Threadlike substances that contain DNA, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes
- What is DNA?
- Deoxyriboneucleic acid, a complex molecule that contains genetic information. Shaped like a double helix-spiral staircase
- What are genes?
- Units of hereditary information, short segments of DNA, direct cells to reproduce and assemble proteins
- What purpose do proteins serve?
- They are the building blocks of cells as well as regulators that direct the body's processes, more proteins than genes
- What is the human genome?
- All of the approximately 30,000 human genes, humans have about 20-25,000. Consists of many dependent genes
- What is the activity of genes affected by?
- their environment
- What is mitosis?
- When a cell's nucleus-including the chromosomes-duplicates itself and the cell divides. 2 new cells formed each with exact same DNA as parent cell
- What is meiosis?
- Cell division which produces cells with only one copy of each chromosome, cells divide twice forming 4 cells with only half the gentic info of parent cell/egg,sperm
- What is fertilization?
- Egg and sperm fuse to form a sigle cell-a zygote the 2 sets of unpaired chromosomes combine
- What is a genotype?
- a person's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material
- What is a phenotype?
- genetic material consisting of observable characteristics
- What is the dominant-recessive genes principle?
- If one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene overrides recessive,if both of a pair are recessive it gets to exert influence
- What is X-linked inheritance?
- The term used to describe the inheritance of a mutated gene that is carried on the X chromosome, males are affected-only have 1 X, women can be carriers
- What is genetic imprinting?
- occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or father, imprinted gene dominates over one that has not been imprinted
- What is polygenic inheritance?
- Occurs when many genes interact to influence a characteristic, polygenically determined
- Explain Down Syndrome.
- caused by an extra copy of the chromosome 21. 1-1,000 births Round face, flattened skull, extra skin overeyelids, protruding tongue, short limbs, retardat
- What is Klinefelter syndrome?
- Disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome,(XXY)undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, become tall
- What is Fragile X syndrome?
- Abnormality of the X chromosome (constricted and may break,mental retardation learning disability or short attention span
- What is Turner syndrome?
- In females either an X is missing or the second X is partially gone.Short stature, webbed neck, infertile, trouble with math, verbal skills good
- What is the XYY syndrome?
- The male has an extra Y chromosome, contributes to aggression and violence
- What is Phenylketonuria? (PKU)
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Genetic disorder in which the the individual cannot properly metabolize phenylaline, an amino acid.
mental retardation, hyperacti - What is sickle-cell anemia?
- Genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells. Cells die quickly causing anemia and early death
- Define amniocentesis.
- Prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders
- What is ultrasound sonography?
- High-frequency sound waves are directed into pregnant woman's abdomen. Echo is transformed into a view of the fetus' inner structures
- what is chorionic villus sampling?
- Small sample of the placenta is removed for testing, slight risk of limb deformities
- What does a triple maternal blood screening test for?
- Measures 3 substances in mother's blood: alpha-fetoprotein, estriol and human chorionic gonadotropin
- What is in vitro fertilization?
- Eggs and sperm fertilized in lab dish, one or more embryos transferred to mother's womb
- What is gamete intrafallopian transfer?
- Doctor inserts eggs and sperm directly into a woman's fallopian tube
- What is zygote intrafallopian transfer?
- 2 step procedure. Eggs are ferilized in lab, zygotes tranferred to fallopian tube
- What are some challenges with adoption during infancy?
- positive attachment bond needs to be formed
- What are some challenges with adoption during early childhood?
- The need to begin the process of family differentiation. Talking to their child about adoption
- What are some challenges with adoption during middle and late childhood?
- children may become more ambivalent about being adopted
- What are some challenges with adoption during adolescence?
- many youths become preccupied with the lack of physical resemblance
- What is behavior genetics?
- The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differencesin human traits and development
- What is twin study?
- study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the similarities of frat
- What is adoption study?
- Are adopted children more like adopted (environment)or biological (heredity)parents
- What are passive genotype-environment correlations?
- Correlations that exist when the natural parents provide a rearing environment for the child more common in infancy
- What are evocative genotype-environment correlations?
- Correlations exist when a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments. smiles
- What are active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations?
- Correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating
- Contrast shared and nonshared environmental experiences.
- Shared:siblings' common experiences (ie family socioeconomic status)Nonshared: Their own unique experiences
- What is the epigenetic view proposed by Glibert Gottlieb?
- Emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
- What is the germinal period?
- The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks of conception, creation of zygote, attachment to wall
- What is a blastocyst?
- The inner mass of cells that develops during the germinal period that later develop into the embryo
- What is a trophoblast?
- an outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period that will become part of the placenta
- What is the embryonic period?
- prenatal development 2-8 weeks rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells organs appear
- What is the placenta?
- A disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine-do not join
- What is the umbilical cord?
- Contains 2 arteries and one vein, connects the baby to the placenta
- What is the amnion?
- The life support system that is a sac containing a clear fluid in shich the developing embryo floats
- What is organogenesis?
- Organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development
- What is the fetal period?
- 2 months after conception-lasts for 7 months
- What is a teratogen?
- any agent that causes a birth defect, teratology studies the causes of birth defects
- What are some factors that influence the severity of damage to an unborn child?
- Dose of the agent, time of exposure, during germinal period may prevent implantation, later may stunt growth or organ dev
- As far a timing goes, what are vulnerable times for the eyes, heart and legs?
- Eyes 24-40 days, heart 20-40 days, legs 24-36 days
- What is genetic susceptibility?
- The type or severity of abnormalities caused by a teratogen is linked to the genotype of the pregnant woman and the fetus genotype
- What is fetal achohol syndrome? (FAS)
- Characterized by facial deformities and defective limbs face and heart, most are below average or retarded
- What is the influence of nicotine during pregnancy?
- Fetal and neonatal death, poor language and cog skills sids and resiratory problems
- What is the influence of cocaine during pregnancy?
- reduced birth weight, length, head circumference, impaired motor dev., high excitability, impaired audito
- What is the influence of marijuana use during pregnancy?
- smaller babies, learning and memory difficulties
- What is the effect of heroin use during pregnancy?
- behavioral difficulties, withdrawal symptoms, tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, impaired motor control
- Explain what happens when the mother is Rh negative and the father is Rh positive.
- When the fetus is Rh positive the mother's immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus, miscarriage,defects or death
- What are some environmental hazards that can endanger the fetus?
- Radiation can cause gene mutation, microecephaly, mental retardation,leukemia. Mercury in fish-brain nervous system. PCB's vison
- What can a lack of folic acid cause?
- It is linked with neural tube defects such as spina bifida
- What can result if the pregnant woman is under stress?
- Producing adrenaline in response to fear restricts blood flow and deprives fetus of oxygen, premature, increases likelihood of drug use,irritability
- What is the first stage of childbirth?
- 1st stage longest, causes the cervix to open to about 4 centimeters. Lasts about 12-24 hours
- What is the second stage of childbirth?
- Baby's head moves through the cervix and birth canal lasts about 1 1/2 hours ends with baby's birth
- What is the third stage of childbirth?
- Afterbirth-when the placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes are expelled. Shortest-3 minutes
- What is anoxia?
-
Condition in which the fetus
has an insufficient supply of oxygen which can cause brain damage. Delivery complication - What is vernix caseosa?
- The protective skin grease the baby is coated with at birth. Consists of fatty secretions and dead cells. protects against heat loss
- What are the three kinds of drugs used for labor?
- Analgesia-tranquilizers, barbituates,narcotics. Anesthesia-epidural block -doesn't cross placenta. Oxytocics-synthetic hormones to stimulate contractions
- What is prepared childbirth?
- Developed by Lamaze-employs the use of breathing techniques to control pushing as well as an AP course
- Why might a c-section be performed?
- Breech position (respiratory problems),crosswise position, head too large to pass, baby complications, vaginal bleeding
- Define low birth weight infants.
- Weigh less than 5.5 pounds. Very low weigh under 3 pounds. Extremely low weigh under 2 pounds
- Define small for date infants.
- Also called small for gestational age. Birth weight below normal when length of pregnancy considered
- Define pre-term infants.
- Those born 3 weeks or more before full term-35 or fewer weeks
- What are some consequences of low birth weight?
- School age may have learning disabilities, hyperactivity, breathing problems, problems with reading and math, behavioral problems
- What is Kangaroo care?
- holding a preterm infant so that there is skin to skin contact 2-3 hours.Helps stabilizebreathing,temperature,heartbeat, weight, cry less
- What is the Apgar scale?
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Assesses the health of the newborn 1-5 minutes after birth. Heart rate,respiration
muscle tone,color and reflex - What is the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale?
- Test performed within 24-36 hours after birth to assess neurological development, reflexes and reactions to people
- What are the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale 4 categories?
- Physiological, motoric, state and interaction
- What is involution?
- The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnancy size
- What is postpartum depression?
- Characteristic of women who have such strong feelings of sadness anxiety or despair that they have trouble coping with tasks. 10%
- What are some signs a woman may need professional counseling about postpartum adaptation?
- Excessive worrying, depression, extreme appetite changes, crying spells, inability to sleep
- What is bonding?
- The formation of a close connection between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth
- What is the cephalocaudal pattern?
- the earliest growth starts at the head with physcial growth in size,weight, features from top to foot
- What is the proximodistal pattern?
- The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities
- What are neurons?
- A nerve cell that handles information processing at the cellular level
- What is the myelin sheath?
- Layer of fat cells which encases axons and insulates nerve cells and helps nerve impulses travel
- What is myelination?
- The process of encasing axons with fat cells begins prenatally and continues after birth
- How does dendritic development occur in infants?
- Babies are born with many neurons-not many connections. As they grow synaptic connections between axons and dendrites increase
- What are synapses?
- Tiny gaps between neurons where chemical interactions connect axons and dendrites allowing information to pass from neuron to neuron
- What is the function of the cerebral cortex?
- Critical role in perception, language and thinking
- How is the cerebral cortex organized?
- Divided into 2 hemispheres, each hemisphere divided into 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal
- What is the function of the frontal lobe?
- Voluntary movement and thinking
- What is the function of the occipital lobe?
- vision
- What is the function of the temporal lobe?
- hearing
- What is the function of the parietal lobe?
- Processing information about body sensations
- What is lateralization?
- Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other
- What are some benefits of breastfeeding?
- appropriate weight gain, lower childhood obesity, fewer allergies, prevention of ear infections, lower sids
- What is marasmus?
- Wasting away of body tissues in infants first year caused by severe protein-caloric deficiency
- What is kwashiorkor?
- Protein deficiency that causes the child's abdomen and feet to become swollen with water 1-3 years of age
- What is the dynamic systems theory?
- Thelen,the perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting
- What did Gesell believe about motor skills development?
- Infants and children develop these skills in a fixed order and within specific time frames
- What is the sucking reflex?
-
A newborn's built in reaction to automatically suck an object placed in its mouth. Enables nourishment
before baby knows nipple - What is the rooting reflex?
- Newborn's built-in reaction that occurs when the infants cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched, baby turns head to touched side
- What is the Moro reflex?
- A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden intense noise or movement.Arches back throws head back flings out arms legs
- What is the grasping reflex?
- Neonatal reflex that occurs when something touches the infant's palms-infant responds by grasping tightly
- What are gross motor skills?
- Motor skills that involve large muscle activities such as walking
- What are fine motor skills?
- Motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
- What is sensation?
- The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors,ears,eyes,tongue, nose and skin
- What is perception?
- The interpretation of what is sensed
- Explain the Gibsons' ecological view.
- Perception functions to bring people in contact with their environment and to increase adaptation. Objects have affordances
- What are affordances?
- Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that are necessary to perform functional activites. pot-chef,baby(bang
- What is the visual preference method?
- Determines whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of attention they give to different stimuli
- What is habituation?
- Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus
- What is dishabituation?
- Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
- What is intermodal perception?
- The ability to relate and integrate information from 2 or more sensory modalities, such as vison and hearing
- What was Piaget's theory of infant development?
- We build schemes actions or mental representations to organize knowledge. Assimilation and accomodation
- What is the difference between assinilation and accomodation?
- Assimilation is incorporating new information into existing knowledge(schemes)accomodation,adjusting knowledge to fit new info
- What is organization?
- Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher order cognitive system,grouping items into categories
- What is Equilibration?
- A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage to next. Cognitive conflict to balance of thought
- What is the qualitative Piagetian view?
- Not more information but achieving the different way of understanding the world makes one stage more advanced than the other
- What is the sensorimotor stage?
- The first of Piaget's stages, birth to 2, infant's build understanding of the world by linking sensory experiences to motor actions
- What are simple reflexes?
- 1st sensorimotor substage, 1st month after birth. Means of coordinating sensation and action is through reflexive behaviors, rooting sucking
- What are first habits and primary circular reactions?
- Piaget's 2nd substage. 1-4 months. Infant's reflexes evolve into adaptive schemes that are more refined-behavior more than reflex
- What are secondary circular reactions?
- 3rd substage.4-8months. Infant more object oriented focused on the world. Object permanence, imitation
- What is coordination of secondary circular reactions?
- 4th. 8-12 Changes involving the coordination of schemes and intentionality. eye-hand, goal directed behavior
- What is internalization of schemes?
- 6th substage. 18-24 months mental functioning shifts from sensorimotor to a symbolic plane. primitive symbols and mental representation pretend play
- What are tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity?
- 5th substage. 12-18 months infants become intrigued with properties that objects possess and by the multiplicity of things they can make happen
- What is object permanence?
- Understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched
- What is object representation?
- Do not need to have the object to prove existence. crucial for logic and critical thinking/abstract thinking
- What is deferred imitation?
- imitation that occurs after a time delay of hours or days
- What is implicit memory?
- Memory without conscious recollection, involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed
- Whatis explicit memory?
- Conscious memory of facts and experiences (don't touch-it's hot)
- What is the developmental quotient (DQ)?
- An overall developmental score that combines subscores in motor,language adaptive and personal-social domains-Gessell assessment
- What is the Bayley Scales of Infant Development
- three components: a mental scale, a motor scale, and an infant behavior profile
- What is infinite generativity?
- The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules
- What is phonology?
- Sound system of language including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined-phoneme-smallest unit of sound (p)
- What is morphology?
- units of meaning involved in word formation. morpheme-minimal unit of meaning-cannot be smaller to convey
- What is syntax?
- The ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
- What is semantics?
- The meaning of words and sentences
- What is pragmatics?
- The appropriate use of language in different contexts
- What is telegraphic speech?
- The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxillary verbs and other connectives
- What is aphasia?
- A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage
- What is Broca's area?
- An area of the brain's left frontal lobe next to the part that directs muscle movements that produce speech
- What is Wernicke's area?
- An area of the brain's left hemisphere involved in language comprehension
- what is the language aquisition device?
- LAD Chomsky's term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect features and rules of language
- What is child-directed speech?
- Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
- What is recasting?
- rephrasing something the child has said-perhaps turning it into a question
- What is expanding?
- Resating in a linguistically sophisticated form what the child says
- What is labeling?
- Identifying the names of objects
- What is emotion?
- Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them. Shown by behavior. 1st language
- What are primary emotions?
- 6-8 months. Surprise, joy, anger, sadness, fear and disgust
- What are self-conscious emotions?
- Emotions that require cognition, empathy, jealousy, embarassment, pride shame guilt 2-3 years appears
- What are self-conscious evaluative emotions?
- children acquire and are able to use societal standards and rules to evaluate behavior
- What is the basic cry?
- A rhythmic pattern of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter whistle-higher pitched than 1st cry, then a rest before next
- What is the anger cry?
- A cry similar to the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords
- What is the pain cry?
- A sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding
- What is the reflexive smile?
- A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. 1st month usually during sleep
- What is the social smile?
- A smile in response to an external stimulus, typically is a face 2-3 months
- What is stranger anxiety?
- An infant's fear and wariness of strangers, second half of 1st year
- What is separation anxiety?
- An infant's distressed reaction when a caregiver leaves
- What is social referencing?
- "Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
- What is temperament?
- An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding
- How did psychiatrists Thomas and Chess group temperament?
- 3 basic types: easy child, difficult child and slow-to-warm-up child
- Define an easy child.
- A child who is generally in a positive mood, who quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, adapts easily
- Define a difficult child.
- A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, who engages in irregular daily routines, slow to adapt to new environ.
- Define a slow-to-warm-up child.
- A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and diplsys a low intensity of mood
- What is Kagan's theory of behavioral inhibition?
- he regarded shyness with strangers as inhibiton to the unfamiliar avoidance and displays traits of slow-to-warm-up
- What are Rothbart and Bates classifications of temperament?
- Positive affect/approach(unihibited), Negative affectivity(inhibited)High Effortful control(self-regulation)ability to keep arousal from getting too high can soothe self vs.low
- What are some physiological characteristics associated with positive temperaments?
- Brain's limbic system positive affect and approach, especially neural circuits linked to reward
- What are some physiological characteristics associated with negative temperaments?
- Amygdala plays a role in fear and inhibition, high and stable heart rate, high cortisol, high activity in frontal lobe low levels of neurotransmitter seratonin
- What is goodness of fit?
- Refers to the match between a childs temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope
- What did Erikson say about personality development in infants?
- 1st year characterized by the trust-mistrust stage. learn to trust when cared for in a warm consistent manner
- What did Mahler say about independence?
- Argues that the child goes through a separation (from mom) and then an individualization process(dev of self)
- What did Erikson say about personality development?
- 2nd stage. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt. Pride in accomplishments
- What was Freud's theory of attachment?
- That infant's become attached to the person or object thst provides oral satisfaction
- What was Erikson's theory of attachment?
- Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be good
- What was Bowlby's ethological theory of attachment?
- Newborn is biologically equipped to elicit attachment behavior, clinging, smiling,cooing
- What are the 4 phases of Bowlby's attachment theory?
- b-2m instinct direct attach. to human figures,2-7m attach focuses on 1 fig,7-24m, attch to reg. caregivers,24-become aware of other's feelings and adapt actions
- What is the Strange Situation?
- An observational measure of attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations and reunions with caregiver and stranger
- What are securely attached babies?
- Babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
- What are insecure avoidant babies?
- Babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
- What are insecure resistant babies?
- Babies that often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, by kicking or pushing away
- What are insecure disorganized babies?
- Babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
- What is reciprocal socialization?
- Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children
- What is scaffolding?
- Parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with the parents-peek-a-boo