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When were the first generation of computers produced?: 1945-1959
what did first generation use?: vacuum tubes
Why were vacuum tubes bad?: large , hot and used lots of electricity and burned out.
What was programming first generation computers like?: thye were difficult, they had assembly language.
what were first generation computers built with?: magnetic tapes, punched cards, human operator
when were the second generation of computers produced?: 1960-1965
what were second generation computers built with?: transistors
what were transistors made out of?: silicon crystal
what languages could you program second generation computers with?: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC
DEC produced _________ (which was?): PDP- I, first microcomputer
who built first transistor?: Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain
when and where were transistors built?: 1947, Bell Labs
what did Shockley Bardeen and Briattian win and when?: Nobel Prize, 1956
when were the third generation of computers built?: 1966-1971
what did third generation of computers have?: integrated circuits or chips
how many transistors per chip in third generation of computers?: 3000
what did the third generation of computers have?: monitors and keyboards and families of computers
when did internet start?: 1969
who was the inventor of the hand held calc?: Jack Kilby
what kind of board did Jack Kilby build?: ceramic-base silk screen circuirt board
what did Jack kilby binven and where did he work?: transistor based hearing aids and Texas instruments
who was the founder of intel?: robert noyce
robert noyce was the co-founder of: fairchild semiconductor
when Robert noyce write how to make more of less?: 1958-1959
Kilby received: Nobel prize in ohysics for role in invention of IC
what is historically one of the most improtant innovations of mankind?: chip
IC is...: chip
what are the classes of IC'c?: SSI
MSI
LSI
VLSI
ULSI
SSI: small scale integration, 100 per chip
MSI: medium scale intergration, 100-3000 per chip
LSI: 3000-100,000 electronic components per chip
VLSI: 100,000 to 1,000,000 per chip
ULSI: 1,000,000 per chip
years of 1st and importance: 1945-1959
vacuum tubes
years of 2nd and importance: 1960-1965
transistors (Shocley, Bardeen and Brittain)
years of 3rd and importance: 1966-1971
ICs(Kilby and Noyce)
years of 4th and importance: 1971-present
LSI, VLSI, ULSI
In 1950 we used _____ how many? how much?: vacuum tubes, 18000, $2 each
In 1960 we used _____ how much?: transistors
$.10 each
In 1996 we used _____ how many? how much?: Chips
$500
3.3 million tranistors
$0.00015
In 2003 we used _____ how many? how much?: still chips
$500
$5 miilion transistors
$0.0000091
When was Quantum Mirage Effect discovered?: January 2000
Who discovered Quantum Mirage Effect?: IBM
Quantum Mirage Effect beat the physical limitations of...: chip (circuit too small to support electrical current)
weird info about Quantum Mirage Effect: info about atom at A appears at B
no physical connection
analogous to guiding sound and light
types of computers (general): embedded, special purpose, main classes, workstations
4-5 main classes: handheld, microcomputer, sever, mainframe computer, supercomputer
personal computer prices: 500-5000
avg---1000
first PC what/when/where/how many sold: Apple I
1976
in garage
200 sold
minicomputers are bigger than...: microcomputers
how much are minicomputers?: $50000
minicomputer has ______ users and _____ programs: many
minicompter have a _____ terminal: dumb, no sytem unit at your desk
mainframes---large organization have them: general purpose
dumb terminals
billions of instructions per second
several high-end CPUs
severla humded thousad to severla million: mainframe
what has a few programs and is very fast: supercomputer
today's micros are yesterdays YESTERDAYS: mini
mainframe
today's calc yesterdays Yesterdays YESTERDAYS: micro
mini
mainframe
2 things about a workstation: computer connected to a network
special purpose computer
media is: what you write on
types of media: hardware, CD, floppies
devices are...: what the computer writes with
types of devices: hradware, floppy drive, hard drive, cdrom drive
what is written/read?: Bytes (bits)
storage = (semi)permanent live on: disks
tapes
memory lives on...: chips
with storage you instruct...: a program to read/write from/to
with memory a program: CPU instructs the OS to read/write from/to
floppies are...: mylar coated with magnetized particles
hard drives are...: coated metal plates
magnet passes over...: oreients paticles into packet of particles
dish head clearance---- smoke fingerprint dust human hair: 10
250
600
1550
3000
access time: how long for disk heads to position to read a requested piece of information
access time is almost same as...: seek time
access time is measured in: milliseconds
random vs. sequential: disks and CD-ROMS random
tapes- sequential
3.5 diskette: 1.44 MB
what are sizes for zips?: 100, 250, 70 MB
what does formatting do?: prepares s disk for use
storage capacity depends on...: formatting
formatting divides into...: concentric circles (tracks)
and
wedges (sectors)
what is density?: # of magnetized particles per square cm and size of magnetized particles
DD has....: 40 tracks per side
high desnity has...: 80 tracks per side and 18 sectors per track
sectors ____ bytes: 512
cluster varies depending on....: size of disk
size and capacity of a diskette is...: downwardly compatible
formatting creates...: the directory
what do youget when youformat?: filename&extension, where, size, date&time last modified, first cluster
what does FAT stand for?: File Allocation Table
FAT is...: important, necessary, crucial file
Files:: not contiguous
files are ...: fragments
Files.. "random"...: part of random access
formatting creates: FAT
/S switch: copies system (boot) files
3 things about fragmentation: clusters scattered, doesn't influence file size, slows down OS
sector is the...: smallest access unit
sector...: 512 bytes (1/2 Kb)
cluster is a group...: of disk sectors
cluster size depends on....: disk's size
95/98 file system "=": FAT
MFT: Master File Table
similar to FAT
size of cluster: default cluster size depends on capacity and default MFT size

can specify when formatting
formatting (4): creates tracts and sectors
directory
FAT
optionally copies system files
FAT and Directory: DOS, Win 95/98
MFT and Directory: Windows NT, 2000, 2003
Disks/ Drives: Aluminum "platters"
2 or more, both sides
Disks First: Now:: 10 MB, 1GB
Tapes.. have no..: sectors or cylinders
tapes are...: sequential (slow) high capacity, and have header info
pits:: indentations; less reflective
lands:: smooth; more reflective
CD reader:: intensity of eflection = 0,1
CD-RW---- 3 dye layers: dielectric to draw excess heat
crystalline: more reflective (erase)
phase-change: non-crystalline (write)
600 degress: highest, write power, non crystalline

laser intensity
200: middle, creates crystalline (erase power)
CD-R: disks for music, archiving
CD-RW: disks for backup
DVD-ROM: digital video disk- read only memory
DVD-ROM---how big?: 4.7 GB to 17GB
what are the 5 kinds of memory?: RAM
ROM
CMOS
Cache
(virtual)
RAM consists of 3 kinds of data: the internal OS instructions
Application program instructions
Data
RAM is...: volatiile
with ram power on= power off= sometime....: memory intact
memory gone
flash RAM
RAM is working...: memory
RAM is directly controlled by..: CPU

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