Chemistry Exam 1
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- Cosmetic products to color, moisturize, and soften have a history dating back to
- the ancient Egyptians
- Nearly ______American teenagers visit tanning beds each year.
- 2.3 million
- Across all age groups, males and females who have ever used tanning beds have a ___ higher risk of developing melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer.
- 15%
- the deadliest form of skin cancer
- melanoma
- first using a tanning bed before age 35 increases melanoma risk by ___
- 75%
- Completely filtered by stratospheric ozone layer
- UV C
- Produces tanning and sunburn, blocked by glass. All energy delivered to outer epidermis, forms melanin, a cancer precursor
- UV B
- Penetrates deeply into skin, causes damage associated with aging. Stronger link to skin cancer. Source of photosensitizer reactions (limes & drugs). Penetrates glass, consistent sunny or cloudy.
- UV A
- ________ blockers (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) block all light
- Physical
- _______ absorbers absorb UV only. Some convert UV-B to UV-A (salicylates, cinnaminates, para-aminobenzoate (PABA) & benzophenones).
- Chemical
- There are ___ approved sunscreens in the U.S.
- 16
- Midday summer sun exposure is believed to account for at least ___ of skin cancers worldwide
- 2/3
- ____ in U.S. will develop melanoma
- 1 in 74
- ____ die of skin cancer in the U.S. each year
- 7,700
- ___ of U.S. will develop skin cancer before death.
- 20%
- a D.C.-based non-profit lobbying group which calls itself “an advocate for consumers in the environmental/health/safety
- EWG
- Their study of 952 name-brand sunscreen products sold in the U.S. found that ___ offer inadequate protection from sunlight or contain ingredients with significant safety concerns
- 80%
- Nanoparticle ingredients aren’t absorbed into the skin, but can be inhaled from an ______.
- aerosol spray
- ____ have been reported to be able to detect the scent of cancer on humans
- Dogs
- most common form of skin cancer
- basal cell carcinoma
- Average adult consumes _____ added sugar (90 g) daily.
- 22 teaspoons
- Conventional incandescent light bulb technology brought to marketplace by ______ in ____
- Thomas Edison, 1879
- Less than ___ of the energy of conventional incandescent light bulbs goes into light
- 10%
- bulbs that use 80% less energy than conventional incandescent bulbs
- compact flourescent lamps
- CFL-style lamps first patented in the ____
- 1970s
- shops in _____ can no longer buy new shipments of conventional bulbs after September 2009
- Europe
- US will follow conventional bulb ban in _____
- 2012
- ______ are exempt from the ban
- Halogen bulbs
- concerns of CFLs
- can trigger seizures, don't always fit in older light fixtures
- CFL bulbs contain this harmful element
- mercury
- bulbs appearing nearly white, light intensity too low for many users, very efficient and long lifes
- LED or Light-emitting diodes bulbs
- The processes by which society modifies materials for use.⬝ A technology can be based on common knowledge and/or scientific knowledge
- technology
- technologies from pre-history
- fire, pottery, soap, fermentation
- being found in rivers and streams
- Pharmaceuticals
- facilities running drug disposal days.
- Drug stores and police/fire depts.
- Ideally, how should out of date pharmacueticals be disposed of?
- Incineration
- At home, how should out of date pharmaceuticals be disposed of?
- Crushed, mixed with soil or kitty litter, and placed in garbage
- Sources of Water
- Rivers and streams, Lakes and ponds, Shallow and deep wells
- biological contaminants of water
- typhoid, cholera, diarrhea
- _________ required to control bacterial waterborne diseases
- Residual chlorine
- leading cause of death in women
- cardiovascular disease
- death rate among women was ___ higher than for men
- 12%
- ___________ prescribed less often for women than men
- Aspirin and beta blockers
- _______ increases risk of death in women.
- Digitalis
- _____ is less effective in women but it still works.
- Aspirin
- women who drink alcohol at least one day a week had about 35% lower risk of _________ than women who drank alcohol less than once a week
- coronary heart disease
- Recommendation now is ___ drink(s)/day for women, no more than __ for men
- 1, 2
- In a remote village in Guatemala, the PUR treatments reduced the incidence of diarrheal disease more than __ during a 4-month testing period
- 40%
- what scientist suggested inventions based on published scientific results could improve human condition, in what year?
- Roger Bacon, 1600 CE
- who established the Royal Society of London to publish scientific results in what year?
- Robert Boyle, 1650
- A body of knowledge based on published repeatable experimental facts which are subject to inspection and verification⬝
- science
- used to organize and “explain†experimental facts; can extrapolate current information to unknown situations
- theory
- a shrinking of the bones which sets in as we age
- Osteporosis
- ________ American women have osteoporosis now
- 20 million
- more women die of _________ than breast cancer
- hip fracture
- Bone loss begins about _____
- age 30
- _______ along with ________ necessary for dense, strong bones
- Calcium intake, vitamin D
- sources of calcium
- dairy, hard cheese, fish, sardines, dark green veggies
- All elements composed of ultimate particles
- atoms ( part of John Dalton's atomic theory)
- _______ are the combining or separating of atoms
- Chemical reactions (part of Dalton's atomic theory)
- All atoms of a given element are alike and are different element to element
- 2 of Dalton's atomic theory
- ______ are composed of ________ having definite numbers of atoms.
- Compounds, molecules
- Who developed the periodic table?
- Dimitri Mendelev
- elements on the periodic table arranged by __________
- increasing size (atomic weight)
- IA
- Alkali metals
- IIA
- Alkaline earth metals
- VIIA
- Halogens
- VIIIA
- inert gases
- vertical families based on ______
- chemical properties
- Most supplements tested contained _________, one of two drugs approved for obesity treatment
- sibutramine
- man that invented battery
- Alessandro Volta
- improved battery to higher voltages
- Humphrey Davy
- discovered that electric current could be caused by and could cause chemical changes
- Michael Faraday
- (1875) developed high-voltage discharge tube
- William Crookes
- features of metals
- shiny, conduct electricity well, 80% of elements, ductile
- features of non-metals
- appear dull, brittle, poor conductors of heat and electricity
- linked to pulmonary disease most often infecting people with compromised immune systems
- Mycobacterium avium
- Bacteria grows best on _____, much less on ______.
- plastic, metal
- Current advice from CDC is to stay home until ______ after the fever breaks
- one day
- Recent studies reported Monday have concluded that the best sign of when a person is no longer contagious from swine flu is when the ______ stops
- coughing
- Swine flu is contagious for _______
- a week
- Ordinary seasonal flu is contagious for _______
- 1-2 days
- _____ have died from swine flu
- 600
- What scientist discovered the electron?
- JJ Thomson
- What scientist developed the x-ray?
- Wilhelm Roentgen
- What year was the Thomson Model developed?
- 1897
- ___________scanning is a medical technique in which the body is x-rayed in a manner to produce a 3-dimensional image
- Computerized tomography (CT)
- What does CT scanning detect?
- small tumors and other irregularities inside
- The radiation exposure of one scan is equal to about ___________ .
- 30 chest X-rays
- The CT scans would increase the risk such that _____ would die from cancer caused by the CT scans
- 1 in 50
- The time between the scan and the appearance of cancer should be _______ in humans
- 20-30 years
- Medical radiation doses are now regulated only for _________.
- mammograms
- number of electrons in a neutral atom
- atomic number
- PET
- PolyEthylene Terphthalate
- In 1995, about ____ of all plastic PolyEthylene Terphthalate bottles sold in U.S. were recycled
- 40%
- In ____, about ___ of all plastic PolyEthylene Terphthalate bottles sold in U.S. were recycled
- 2005, 23%
- PET recycling is highest in states (11) with _______ or ________ _______ for _______
- deposits, redemption values, bottles
- Thomson Protege, nature of radioactivity using radon
- Ernst Rutherford
- Which three scientists conducted the Gold Foil Experiment and in what year?
- Rutherford, Geiger, & Mardsen in 1911
- What year was the nucleus discovered?
- 1911
- Who developed the Theory of Atomic Structure?
- Bohr and Rutherford
- comes in discrete, indivisible packets
- quantized
- Light emitted from excited atoms is in the form of a ____________
- line spectrum
- Color of light is related to its _______
- energy
- Atoms emit energy as a result of ________ in atoms changing energy
- electrons