Geog 124 Exam 1
Terms
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- Geography
- the study of the spatial organization of human activity and people's relationships with their environments.
- Place
- specific point on the Earth distinguished by a particular character (absolute, relative, cognitive)
- Scale
- way of partitioning, describing space
- Region
- area on Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features
- Networks
- connections between people, places, spaces, and regions
- Culture
-
way of life, values, learned collective human behavior (not inborn)
OR
process of constructing and participating in social life
OR
negotiation of shared values - Cultural interactions
- power and money
- Cultural landscapes
- respresentations in art, film, etc
- Cultural ecology
- relationships between environment and human communities
- Coercive power
- use of force, conflict, violence to influence people or institutions
- Symbolic power
- non-violent production and imposition of legitimate visions of the world
- Three forms of power
- political, economic, cultural/social
- Culture wars
- battles between those using cultural power (coercive & symbolic)
- Class
- group of people who have a similar social status
- Caste
- born into social class
- Discourse
- articulating a vision of the world, version of reality through language
- Culture region
- geographical unit based on characteristics and functions of culture
- Formal culture region
- area inhabited by people with common cultural trait(s)
- Functional culture region
- area organized to function politically, socially, or economically
- Territoriality
- fundamental human desire to belong to a large group that controls its own piece of Earth
- Nation
- people of common heritage, culture, or language
- State
- political unit
- Nation-state
- nation that achieves independence
- Imperialism
- exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful state to advance their national interest
- Colonialism
- form of imperialism that establishes rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements
- Political system
- government
- Economic system
- used to secure resources to meet needs
- Democracy
- political power in the hands of the people through elected representatives
- Dictatorship
-
people are ruled over by one person or small group
EX - Pakistan and Burma - One-party rule
-
single party dominates government/no other parties allowed
EX - Cuba, China, Egypt, Iraq, Zimbabwe, Brunei, Monaco - Monarchy/Theocracy
-
authority vested in rules through association with religion or royal family
EX - Iran, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Morocco, Bahrain - Failed state
-
governmental collapse
EX - Angola, Liberia, Afghanistan, Somalia, Deomcratic Republic of Congo - Dependent territory
-
area or region claimed by another nation-state or country
EX - Greenland (Colony of Denmark), Puerto Rico (US), French Guiana (France) - Core
-
WORLD SYSTEM
dominates trade, controls technology, wealthy
EX - Europe and US - Periphery
-
WORLD SYSTEM
dependent on core, low level of technology
EX - Central Asia, Most of Africa, Parts of S. America - Semi-perphery
-
WORLD SYSTEM
transitional between core and periphery
EX - Australia, Asia, Central, South America -
Economic Sectors:
Primary - agriculture, resource extraction
-
Economic Sectors:
Secondary - industry, manufacturing
-
Economic Sectors:
Tertiary - sale and exchange of goods and services
-
Economic Sectors:
Quaternary - handling/processing of information
- Globalization
- interconnectedness of world through economic, environmental, political, and cultural change
- Nationalism
- feelings of belonging to a nation that has the natural right to determine its own affairs
- Neo-colonialism
- economic and political strategies by which powerful states indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other ares or people
- Cultural imperialism
- promoting the culture of one nation in another, especially weaker nations
- Economic development
- processes of change involving the nature and composition of a particular region as well as to increase the overall properity of a region
- GDP
- gross domestic product - total goods produced by a country
- GNP
- gross national product - value of income abroad
- PPP
- purchasing power parity - how much of "basket of goods" can be consumed per capita
- Gini formulation
- degree of inequality in country
- HDI
- human development index - quality of life through education, income, longevity
- UNDP Gender Empowerment Index
- income/work/seats in parliament
- Supranatural organization
- collection of individual states with a common goal (economic or political) (ex. - UN, IMF, NATO, Group of 8)
- Group of 8
- supranational group - Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, US = 67 percent of world's income
- OPEC
- Oil producing countries including Middle Eastern countries, Indonesia, Nigeria, Algeria, Venezuela
- IMF
- 184 countries seeking to "secure financial stability," reduce poverty by promoting globalization, free market/founded 1990
- WTO
- 139 countries agreeing to promote prosperity with trading rules (1995)
- Sovereignty
- ability to be self-governing, independent