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U.S. History Chapters 1, 2, 3

Terms

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middle passage
The transport of slaves across the Atlantic from Africa to North America.
Dominion of New England
In an effort to centralize the colonies, and create consistent laws and political structures, James II combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and New Jersey under the Dominion of New England.
Elizabeth I
Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603) who succeeded the Catholic Mary I and reestablished Protestantism in England. Her reign was marked by several plots to overthrow her, the execution of Mary Queen of Scots (1587), the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588), and domestic prosperity and literary achievement.
Aztecs
Inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico who founded their capital, Tenochitlan, in the early 14th century. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the Aztecs built a large empire in which they dominated many neighboring peoples. Their civilization included engineering, mathematics, art, and mustc.
Martin Luther
German theologian and leader of the Reformation. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church (1521). Luther confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church.
John Smith
English colonist, explorer, and writer whose maps and accounts of his explorations in Virginia and New England were invaluable to later explorers and colonists.
Opechancanough
Brother of Powhatan, also thought to be Don Luis de Velasco. In the 1620's, Opechancanough organized a military offensive against English settlers.
royal fifth
A tax on silver and gold of which one-fifth of its value went to the king of Spain
Metacom
Wampanoag leader who waged King Philip's War (1675-1676) with New England colonists who had encroached on Native American territory.
Jamestown
The first permenant English settlement in America (1607), it was located on the James River in Virginia.
praying towns
Established by John Eliot, praying towns were villages in which the Indians were supposed to adopt English customs and learn the fundamentals of Puritan religion.
Glorious Revolution
The English Revolution of 1688-1689 against the authoritarian polocies and Catholicism of James II. James was forced into exile, and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange took the throne. The revolution secured the dominance of Parliament over royal power.
Roger Williams
English cleric in America. After being expelled from Massachusetts for his criticism of Puritanism, he founded Providence (1636), a community based on religious freedom and democratic ideals, and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663.
Virginia Company
In 1607, the Virginia Company of London funded the first permanent English colony at Jamestown.
Sieur de La Salle
French explorer in North America who claimed Louisiana for France (1682)
Treaty of Utrecht
Created in 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht ceded control of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and control of the Hudson Bay territory from the French to the English.
Plymouth Colony
A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.
predestination
A theory that states that God has decreed, even before he created the world, who will be saved and who will be damned.
Francis Drake
English naval hero and explorer who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world (1577-1580) and was vice admiral of the fleet that destroyed the Spanish Armada (1588).
Squanto
Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.
Puritanism
The strain of English Calvinism that demanded purification of the Anglican Church, including elimination of rituals, vestments, statues, and bishops.
Prince Henry of Portugal
An early 15th century explorer, Henry "the Navigator" sought to increase the power of Portugal by seeking trade routes to the East by way of Africa
Salem witch trials
The prosecution in 1691 and 1692 of almost two hundred people in Salem, Massachusetts, and its environs on charges of practicing witchcraft. Twenty people were put to death before Governor William Phips halted the trials.
viceroys
A man who is the governor of a country, province, or colony, ruling as the representative of a sovereign.
Pope's rebellion
A successful rebellion of the Pueblos against Spanish occupation of New Mexico in 1680, lead by Pope, a medicine man of the village of San Juan, north of Santa Fe.
Nathaniel Bacon
American colonist who led Bacon's Rebellion (1676), in which a group of frontiersmen captured and burned Jamestown in an attempt to gain reforms and greater participation in the government of Virginia.
Maya
Inhabitants of the Yucatan Peninsula whose civilization was at its eight from AD 300 to 900. Their civilization included a unique system of writing, mathematics, architecture and sculpture, and astronomy.
William Penn
An English Quaker leader who obtained a charter for Pennsylvania from Charles II in exchange for a debt owed to Penn's father. Penn intended to establish a model society based on religious freedom and peaceful relations with Native Americans, in addition to benefiting fnacially from the sale of land.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) located the line 370 leagues (about 1,000 miles) west of the Azores and expanded the principle of "spheres of influence"
Christopher Columbus
An Italian mariner who sailed for Spain in 1492 in sarch of a western route to Asia. He located San Salvador in the West Indies, opening the Americas to European exploration and colonization.
Sir Edmund Andros
English colonial administrator in America whose attempt to unify the New England colonies under his governorship (1686-1689) was met by revolt.
theocracy
A government ruled by or subject to religious authority.
John Calvin
French-born Swiss Protestant theologian who broke with the Roman Catholic Church (1533) and set forth the tenets of his theology, known today as Presbyterianism, in Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536).
Protestant Reformation
The religious rebellion against the Roman Catholic Church that began in 1517 when Martin Luther posted his ninety-five theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany.
Mayflower Compact
When the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod and the colonists decided to settle there, they lacked the legal basis to establish a government. Thus, the adult males of the colony signed a mutual agreement for ordering their society later referred to as the Mayflower Compact
Powhatan
Algonquian leader who founded the Powhatan confederacy and maintained peaceful relations with English colonists after the marriage of his daughter Pocahontas to John Rolfe (1614).
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs initially in 1519, retreated when they rebelled, then defeated them again, aided by a smallpox epidemic, in 1521.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Founded in 1630 by non-Seperatist Puritans with the intention of creating a society in New England that would serve as a model for reforming the Anglican Church.
Roanoke
England's first attempt to establish a colony in North America was at Roanoke Island in 1585.
Half-Way Covenant
The Puritan practice whereby parents who had been baptized but had not yet experienced conversion could bring their children before the church and have them baptized.
Anne Hutchinson
English-born American colonist and religious leader who was banished from Boston (1637) for her religious beliefs, which included an emphasis on personal intuition as a means toward salvation.
Juan de Onate
Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

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