World Civ Exam 3 Names
Terms
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- Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
- Chancellor of German Emperor William II. Gave Austria a "blank check" to help them in war with Russia. Driven from office by Hindenburg and Ludendorff.
- Siegfried Sassoon
- British poet, wrote of the Somme offensive, said, "I am staring at a sunlit picture of Hell."
- Erich Remarque
- Wrote "All Quiet on the Western Front"
- Walter Rathenau
- Jewish industrialist, convinced the German government to set up the War Raw Material's Board to ration and distribute raw materials.
- Vera Brittain
- English, nurse during World War I. Started out pro-war, became anti-war. Wrote "Testament of Youth".
- Lavr Kornilov
- Russian war hero, led a feeble attack against the provisional government. Bolsheviks were rearmed to fight him.
- Henry Cabot Lodge
- Republican senator, led a group of U.S. senators refusing to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
- Hussein ibn-Ali
- Arab leader, a direct descendant of Muhammad. Sharif of Mecca, governed much of the Ottoman Empire's teritory along the Red Sea.
- T.E. Lawrence
- Lawrence of Arabia. British, led Arab tribesmen and Indian soldiers in a guerrilla war against the Turks on the Arabian peninsula.
- Sykes-Picot Agreement
- Britain and France had secretly agreed that France would receive modern-day Lebanon, Syria, and much of southern Turkey, and Britain would receive Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq. Contradicted British promises concerning Arab independence after the war.
- Treaty of Lausanne
- Abolished capitulations that the Europeans had imposed in the nineteenth century to give their citizens special privileges in the Ottoman Empire.
- Mustafa Kemal
- Father of modern Turkey. Military man. Nationalist, believed Turkey should modernize and secularize. Turkish persident.
- Amanullah Khan
- Ruler of Afghanistan. Inspired by Mustafa Kemal. Anti-British, declared war holy war on British government in India. Made reforms in an attempt to bring his country into the 20th century.
- Kibbutz
- Key unit of agricultural organization (in Palestine). Collective farm on which each member shared equally in the work, rewrds, and defense on the farm.
- Lucknow Pact
- Hindu alliance with India's Muslim League. Founded to uphold Muslim interests, had grown out of fears arising from the fact that under British rule the Muslim majority had become minority, behind Hindus.
- Reginald Dyer
- English commander in India, banned all public meetings on the day a large group gathered to celebrate a Hindu festival. Brutally massacred the celebrators in the Amritsar Massacre.
- Satyagraha
- A weapon developed by Gandhi. Means "Soul Force". A means of striving for truth and social justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the oppressor.
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Indian. With a group of radical nationalists, pushed through the National Congress a resolution calling for virtual independence within a year.
- Sun Yatsen
- Allied his Nationalist Party in China with the Chinese Communist Party.
- Hu Shi
- Intellectual champion of liberalism. Chinese. Envisioned a vague and uninspiring for future. Said reconstruction of China was possible, but it would have to occur gradually.
- Mao Zedong
- Chinese. Marxian socialist. Revolutionist. Let peasant revolts.
- Henri Bergson
- French philosophy professor. Argued that immediate experience and intuition were as important as rational and scientific thinking for understanding reality.
- Georges Sorel
- French socialist. Rejected democracy, characterized Marxian socialism as an inspiring but unprovable religion rather than a rational scientific truth. Said Socialism would come to power through a violent strike of the working people.
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Austrian philosopher. Wrote "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus". Said philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts and that it therefore becomes the study of language. Said the great philosophical issues of the ages are senseless.
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- French existentialist. Said human being simply exist. Said "man is condemned to be free."
- Soren Kierkegaard
- Danish religious philosopher. Rejected formalistic religion. Resolved his personal anguish over his imperfect nature by making a total religious commitment to a remote and majestic God.
- Gabriel Marcel
- Leading existential Christian thinker. Found in the Catholic church an answer to what he called the postwar "broken world". Denounced anti-semitism.
- Marie Curie
- Polish-born physicist. Discovered that radium constantly emits subatomic particles and thus does not have a constant atomic weight.
- Max Planck
- German physicist showed in 2900 that subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts, which he called "quanta".
- Albert Einstein
- German-born Jewish genius. Theory of special relativity.
- Ernest Rutherford
- Showed that the atom could be split.
- Virginia Woolf
- English novelist. Wrote "Jacob's room"
- James Joyce
- Irish novelist, wrote "Ulysses".
- Oswald Spengler
- German high school teacher, wrote "The Decline of the West", an international sensation. Said Western civilization would be conquered by yellow people.
- Franz Kafka
- Wrote "The Trial" and "The Castle". Showed helpless individuals crushed by inexplicably hostile forces.
- George Orwell
- Englishman, saw the nightmarish reality of the Nazi state and wrote "1984".
- Louis Sullivan
- Led the Chicago school of architects. Built skyscrapers.
- Paul Cezanne
- Postimpressionist painter. Committed to form and ordered design. Later became abstract and nonrepresentational. Had a profound influenceo n twentieth-century painting.
- Pablo Picasso
- Founded a movement, cubism. Painted "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon". Painter.
- Igor Stravinsky
- Composer, wrote "The Rite of Spring".
- Charlie Chaplin
- Funny Englishman working in Hollywood, the king of the "silver screen". Demonstrated that in the hands of a genius the new medium (film) could combine mass entertainment and artistic accomplishment.
- Guglielmo Marconi
- Radio become possible with the transatlantic "wireless" communication of Guglielmo Marconi.