Chapter 5 Biology McGraw Hill (TAMS)
Terms
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- cell characteristics
- genetic material, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
- single circular molecule in ___
- prokaryotes
- double helix in nucleus in ___
- eukaryotes
- fills cell interior
- cytoplasm
- phospholipid bilayer with proteins that encloses the cell, thus separating conents from the environment
- plasma membrane
- Cell Theory
-
-all organisms composed of one or more cells
-cells are smallest living things
-cells arise by division of a previous cell - cell size is limited by a ___ to ___ ratio
- surface area, volume
- most cells are relatively small because as size increases, ___ increases more rapidly
- volume
- the longer the ___, the less surface area per unit volume
- diffusion time
- the net movement of particles from large to smaller concentrations
- diffusion
- the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be seen as two seperate points
- resolution
- magnify in stages using multiple lenses; resolution limited by wavelength of light
- compound microscopes
- electrons transmitted through specimen
- transmission electron microscopes
- electrons beamed into surface of specimen
- scanning electron microscope
- simplest organisms
- prokaryotic cells
- prokaryotic cells- cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane in a ___ composed of peptidoglycan
- rigid cell wall
- carbohydrate matrix of cross-linked with short polypetides
- peptidoglycan
- the procedure to detect the presence of certain disease causing bacteris named after Hans Christian Gram
- Gram staining procedure
-
bacteria that have a thick, single-layered cell wall
-purple - gram-positive
-
bacteria that have a multilayered cell wall
-red - gram-negative
-
-threadlike structures protruding from cell surface
-some proks. use these for locomotion - flagella
- extensions used by proks. for the transfer of genetic material
- pili
- eukaryotes have compartmentalization by ___ and the presence of membrane-bound ___ that carry out specail functions
- endomembrane system, organelles
- plant cells have this large, membrane bound sac which stored proteins, pigments, and waste materials
- central vacoule
- smaller sacs that store and transpot=rt a variety of materials
- vesicles
- all cells are supported by this
- cytoskeleton
- fungi, plants, and many protisis have this
- cell wall
- repository for genetic material
- nucleus
- region of intensive ribosomal RNA synthesis
- nucleoulus
- the surface of the nucleus is bound by two phopholipid bilayer membranes
- nuclear envelope
- shallow depressions on the nuclear envelope that are filled with gatekeeper proteins
- nuclear pores
- DNA of eukaryotes is divided into linear ___
- chromosomes
- chromosomes exist as strands of ___, except during cell division
- chromatin
- chromosomes package ___ and ___
- histones, proteins
- DNA wraps tightly around clusters of histones called ___
- nucleosomes
- nucleosomes permit enzymes to make ___
- RNA copies of DNA
- compartmentalizes the cell, channeling the passage of molecules through the cell's interior
- endomembrane system
- synthesizes (power plant)
- endoplasmic reticulum
- studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins for export
- Rough ER
- few ribosomes, synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids
- Smooth ER
- collection of golgi bodies
- golgi apparatus
- the golgi bodies ___,___, and ___ molecules synthesized at one location and utilized in another
- collect, package, and distribute
- golgi bodies are abundant in ___ cells (glands)
- secretory
- most common modification of proteins passing through the GA
- addition or modification of sugar chains
- protein+sugar
- glycoprotein
- lipid+sugar
- glycolipid
- membrane-bound digestive vesicles that breakdown old organelles and recycle nutrients
- lysosomes
- enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed vesicles
- microbodies
- contains enzymes that catalyze the removal of electron
- perixosome
-
-RNA-protein complexes outside the nucleus
-site of protein synthesis
-assembled in the nucleus - ribosomes
- ribosome are made up of several molecules of ___
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- ribosomes are composed of two subunits that join to attach to ___
- messenger RNA (mRNA)
-
-power centers of the cell
-carry out oxidative metabolism - mitochondria
- the oxygen-requiring process by which energy in macromolecules is stored in ATP
- oxidative metabolism
- photosynthetic organelle
- chloroplast
- theory that proposes eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiosis between different species of prokaryotes
- endosymbiosis
- network of protein fibers that supports cell shape and anchors organelles
- cytoskeleton
- responsible for cell movement
- Actin filaments
- facilitates cellular movement and moving materials withing itself such as special motor proteins
- microtubules
- supports the cytoskeleton's structure
- intermediaate filaments
- help to assemble microtubules
- centrioles
- center of plant cell
- central vacuole
- ___ cells lack cell walls and form an extracellular matrix
- animal
- helps coordinate the behavior of all the cells in a particular tissue
- extracellular matrix