Midterm Review Terms for Chapter 1 - 8 of Criminalistics: An Introduction to For
Terms
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- What is the lens of a microscope into which the viewer looks?
- Eyepiece Lens OR Ocular Lens
- Light that passes up from the condesner and through the specimen
- Transmitted illumination
- Illumination of a specimen from above
- Vertical illumination
- A microscope with one eyepiece
- Monocular
- A microscope with two eyepieces
- Binocular
- The area of the specimen that can be seen after it is magnified
- Field of view
- The distance between the objective lens and the specimen
- Working distance
- The scale structure covering the exterior of the hair
- Cuticle
- The main body of the hair shaft
- Cortex
- The cellular column running through the center of the shaft
- Medulla
- The four types of medulla
- Absent, Continuous, Fragmented, Interrupted
- The initial growth phase during which the hair follicle is actively producing hair
- Anagen phase
- The second stage of hair growth
- Catagen phase
- The final hair growth phase in which hair naturally falls out of the skin
- Telogen phase
- An analytical method for identifying a substance by its selective absorption of different wavelengths of light
- Spectrophotometry
- Any of several analytical techniques whereby organic mixtures are separated into their components by their attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase
- Chromatography
- A point when the number of molecules leaving a substance is equal to the number returning
- Equilibrium
- The written record of the separation that occurs during chromatography
- Chromatogram
- The time required for a component to emerge from the column from the time of its injection into the column
- Retention time
- The decomposition of organic matter by heat
- Pyrolysis
- Form of chromatography with a liquid moving phase and a gas stationary phase in which the entire process occurs at room temperature
- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Glass to which strength has been added by introducing stress through the rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces
- Tempered glass
- Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded together with plastic film
- Laminated glass
- A bright halo that is observed near the border of a particle immersed in liquid of a different refractive index
- Becke line
- A crack that extends outwards like the spoke of a wheel from the point at which the glass was struck
- Radial fracture
- A crack in a glass that forms a rough circle around the point of impact
- Concentric fracture
- A naturally occurring crystaline solid
- Mineral
- A glass tube filled from the bottom to top with liquids of successively lighter densities which is used to determine the density distribution of soil
- Density gradient tube
- A condition of stage in the physical being of matter
- Physical state
- A physical change from a solid direction into the gaseous state
- Sublimation
- A property that is not dependant on the size of an object
- Intensive property
- Light emitted from a source and separated into its component colors or frequencies
- Emission spectrum
- A type of emission spectrum showing a continuous band of colors all bleeding into one another
- Continous spectrum
- A type of emission spectrum showing a series of lines separated by black areas. Each line represents a definite wavelength or frequency.
- Line spectrum
- An analytical technique used to identify crystalline materials
- X-Ray Diffraction
- A series of light and dark bands formed when X-Rays combine with one another; it is unique to a compound
- Diffraction pattern
- A uniform piece of matter; different ones are seperated by definite visible boundaries
- Phase
- Uncontaminated surface material close to an area where physical evidence has been deposited
- Substrate control
- Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency occurence for a genetic profile
- Power rule
- Physical evidence whose origin is known, that can be compared to crime scene evidence
- Standard/Reference Sample
- A solid in which the constituent atoms or molecules are arranged in random or disordered positions. There is no regular order.
- Amorphous solid
- The separation of light into component wavelengths
- Dispersion
- A precise rendering of the crime scene, often drawn to scale
- Finished sketch
- A draft representation of all essential information and measurements at a crime scene. This sketch is drawn at the crime scene.
- Rough sketch
- Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victim or between a crime and its perpetrator
- Physical evidence
- Properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty
- Individual characteristics
- The process of determining a substance's physical or chemical identity
- Identification
- The process of ascertaining whether two or more objects have a common origin
- Comparison
- A transluscent piece of tissue surrounding the hair's shaft near the root
- Follicular tag
- An image formed by the actual convergence of light rays upon a screen
- Real image
- The lower lens of a microscope that is positioned directly over the specimen
- Objective lens
- The ratio of the speed of light in a vaccuum to its speed in a given substance
- Refractive index
- The method used to support a likely sequence of events by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence as well as statements made by those involved with the incident
- Reconstruction
- Properties of evidence that can only be associated with a group and never with a single source
- Class characteristics
- He established comparative microscopes as key tools for forensic firearms investigation
- Calvin Goddard
- The father of forensic toxicology
- Mathieu Orfila
- A fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/or perspiration; invisible to the naked eye
- Latent fingerprint
- An individual whom the court determines possesses knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average lay person
- Expert witness
- Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles in criminal investigation
- Hans Gross
- The medical dissection and examination of a body in order to determine the cause of death
- Autopsy
- The medical condition that occurs after death and results in the settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground
- Livor mortis
- Swab of inner portion of cheek; cheek cells are usually collected to determine the DNA profile of an individual
- Buccal swab
- Designed the first scientific system of personal identification based on anthropometry, or a systematic procedure of taking measurements as a means of distinguishing individuals
- Alphonse Bertillon
- Preeminent microscopist; popularized field of microscopy in forensic examination
- Walter C. McCrone
- Undertook the first definative study of fingerprits and developed a method of classifying them for filing
- Francis Galton
- Postmortem changes that causes a body to lose heat
- Algor mortis
- Developed findemental principles of document examination
- Albert S. Osborn
- discovered ABO bloodtypes; devised a mtehod for determining blood group from died bloodstains
- Leon Lattes
- The medical condition that occurs after death and results in the shortening of muscle tissue and the stiffening of body parts in the position they are in when death occurs
- Rigor mortis
- Demonstated how scientific methods can be inforporated into a workable crime lab
- Edmond Locard
- The exchange of materials between two objects that occurs whenever the objects come in contact with one another
- Locard's exchange principle
- A technique for the separation of molecules through their on a support medium while under the influence of an electrical potential
- Electrophoresis
- To admit visible light when exposed to light of a shorter wavelength
- Fluoresce
- Solid stationary phase and a moving liquid phase; a glass plate is prepared by coating it with a granular material
- Thin-layer chromatography
- An image that cannot be seen directly. It can only be seen by a viewer looking through a lens.
- Virtual image
- Technique of bombarding specimens with neutrons and measuring the resulting gamma-ray radioactivity
- Neutron activation anlysis
- Describes a substance without reference to any other substance
- Physical properties
- Describes the behavior of a substance when it reacts or combines with another substance
- Chemical properties
- The bending of a light wave as it passes from one medium to another
- Refraction
- A solid in which the constituent atoms have a regular arrangement
- Crystalline solid
- The thickness of a specimen entirely in focus under a microscope
- Depth of focus
- An instrument that links a microscope to a spectrophotometer
- Microspectrophotometer
- A difference in the two indices of refraction exhibited by most crystalline materials
- Birefringence
- List of all persons who came into posession of an item of evidence
- Chain of custody
- The most important bones for gender determination
- Skull & Pelvis
- The process in which the teeth fall out and the gums and sockets recede into the mandible
- Edentulous
- Instrument used to determine stature
- Osteometric board
- 4 different types of crime scene search patterns
- Spiral Search, Grid Search, Strip or Line Search, Quadrant or Zone Search
- Physical evidence must be ___, ___, and ___.
- Recognized, Collected, Preserved
- The application of the study of humans to situations of modern legal or public concern
- Forensic Anthropology
- Includes an assessment of the sex, age, racial affinity, and height of a skeleton
- Biological profile
- The part of the bone that experiences growth
- Epiphysis
- A bony mass on the skull, just behind the ears, for the attachment of neck muscles. Larger in males.
- Mastoid process
- Specialized rulers for taking measurements of the skull
- Calipers
- The last epiphysis to fuse
- Medial clavicle
- The application of the study of arthropods, including insects, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and crustaceans, to criminal or legal cases
- Forensic Entomology
- The study of what happens to an organism between the time of death and the time it ends up in a laboratory
- Taphonomy
- An estimate of how much time has passed since a person died
- Postmortem Index (PMI)
- A pronounced portrusion on the inside of the mandible found often in Negroid skulls while Mongoloid or Caucasoid skulls show little or none
- Gonial inversion
- The suture that runs down the front of the forehead. In Caucasoid skulls, this suture is sometimes retained into adulthood.
- Metopic suture
- An elongation of the skull caused by the portrusion of the teeth and mandible commonly found in Negoid skulls
- Prognathism