Chapter 19 - Cancer Medicine
Terms
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- fungating
- mushrooming patttern of growth; tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface; tumors found in teh colon are often this type
- polypoid
- grwoths that are like projections extending outward from a base
- sessile polypoid tumors
- extend from a broad base; coudl be benign or malignant
- pedunculated
- possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors
- scirrhous
- microscopic description of densely packed, fibrous tumor cell composition
- grade
- degree of maturity or differentiation under microscope
- stage
- extent of spread within the body
- modality
- method of treatement
- adjuvant
- aid
- en bloc resection
- tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes; modified radical mastectomy, colectomy, and gasterectomy are examples
- excisional biopsy
- removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue; produce provides a specimen for diagnosis and may be curative for small tumors
- exenteration
- wide resection invovling removal of the tumor, its organ of irign, and all surroudning tissue in the body space; pelvic exenteration may be performed to treat large primary tumors of the uterus
- fulguration
- destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current
- incisional biopsy
- piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis
- linear accelerator
- device that produces high energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors
- morbidity
- a degree of residual normal cell damage (side effect of radiation therapy
- radiocurable tumor
- tumros that can be completely eradicated by raditaion therapy; usually has no metastasis
- radioresistant tumor
- tumor that requires large doses of radiation to produce death of cells; connective tissue tumors are most radioresistant
- radiosensitive tumor
- tumor in which irradiation can cause death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
- alopecia
- baldness; usually permanent with radiation
- fibrosis
- increase in connective tissue in the lungs
- mucositis
- inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes in the mouth, pharynx, vagina, baldder, large or small intestine
- myelosuppression
- bone marrow depression; anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
- nausea and vomiting
- reaction to radiation ot hte brain (vomiting center located in the brain) or gastorintestinal tract
- pneumonitis
- inflammation of lungs
- xerostomia
- dryness of mouth; occurs after radiation to salivary glands
- pharmocokinetics
- measuring amoutn of drug present over tiem in various body compartments
- protocol
- explicit, detailed plan for treatment
- remission
- absence of symptoms of disease
- apoptosis
- programmed cell-death
- estrogen receptors
- breast cancers have this; these tumors repsond to removal of estrogen by oophorecotmy or use of antiestrogen drugs like tamoxifen, which block estrogenic efffects
- interferons
- made by lymphocytes; tries to prevent viral replicaiton and induce resistance to vrial antigens
- aduvant therapy
- assistanting primary treament; drugs given early in course of treatment, along with surgery or radition
- anaplasia
- loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type
- grading of tumors
- evaultion of degree of maturity of tumor cells
- mixed-tissue tumors
- tumros compsoed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue)
- mutation
- change in genetic material (DNA) fof a cell
- oncogene
- a region of DNA foudn in tumor cells
- pharmacokinetics
- study of distribution and removal of drugs form body of period of time
- relapse
- return of symptoms of disease
- sarcoma
- canceorus tumor derived from connective tissue
- sessile
- having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors
- staging o tumors
- system of evaluatin extent of spread of tumors; TNM system (tumor, node,s and mtastasis)
- viral oncogenes
- pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant
- fung/i
- fungus, mushroom
- scirrh/o
- hard
- exfoliative cytology
- cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope
- laparoscopy
- visual examination of abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope; also known as peritoneoscopy
- CEA
- carcinoembryonic antigen
- PSA
- prostate-specific antigen