Chapter 16
Terms
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- Vasco da Gama
- 1st to sail to India
- Antoine Lavoisier
- Named oxygen; Proved that matter can change form but it can neither be destroyed nor created
- joint-stock company
- Individual merchants joined together in a new kind of business organization and raised money by selling shares, or stock in their company;Those who bought stock became co-owners and shared in the profits
- Andreas Vesalius
- Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy; Produced a seven-volume book in 1543 called "On the Fabric of the Human Body"
- Robert Boyle
- Helped pioneer the modern science of chemistry; Showed that temperature and pressure affect the space that a gas occupies
- guerrilla warfare
- Military technique relying on swift raids by small bands of soldiers
- geocentric theory
- Theory according to Hellenistic thinker Ptolemy that the earth is the center of the universe
- favorable balance of trade
- A country received more gold and silver from other nations than it paid to them
- Isacc Newton
- Proposed the law of universal gravatation; It said that gravity was the force that held the planets in their orbits and it was the same force that made objects fall to earth
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- Polish scientist who argued that the sun was the center of the universe
- Columbian Exchange
- Massive exchange of goods, plants, animals. and diseases that took place between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres following Columbus's voyage
- Gottfried Liebnitz and Issac Newton
- Developers of calculus
- William of Orange
- Led a revolt against Phillip II
- Commercial Revolution
- Time period between the late 1400s and the 1700s when Europeans made major changes to their economies due to exploration
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- Agreement between Spain and Portugal that moved west the line determining the land each country could claim in the Atlantic
- compass
- an instrument used in navigation consisting of a magnetized needle which always pointed north
- Francis Bacon
- English philosopher and scientist who believed that scientific theories could be developed only through observation and had been proven by repeatable experiments
- mercantilism
- Stated that a country's government should do all it could to increase the country's wealth, which was measured by the amount of gold and silver the country possessed
- Middle Passage
- 2nd stage of triangular trade system which involved the shipping of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas
- Scientific Method
- Repeating experiments to ensure that the same results are achieved and then drawing conclusions about what was observed.
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
- Used the microscope to discover bacteria
- Johannes Kepler
- Kepler was a German astronomer along with Galileo helped confirm Copernicus' "sun-centered" theory; Published his laws of planetary motion in 1609
- Christopher Columbus
- Discovered America
- Montezuma
- Aztec ruler Moctezuma II
- William Harvey
- Studied how blood moved through the veins and arteries; studied the bodies most important muscle-the heart
- Scientific Revolution
- Transformation in thinking that occirred during the 1500s and 1600s caused by scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions
- heliocentric theory
- Copernicus' "sun-centered" theory ; helio means sun
- Bartolomeu Dias
- First to sail around the Cape of Good Hope...the route to Indian Ocean
- Prince Henry
- Also known as "The Navigator"; His first goal was to find gold for Portugal; He went on many voyages ofdiscovery and exploration; In Africa he bagan to trade for slaves, gold, and ivory
- Hernan Cortez
- Invaded Mexico and seized the Aztec ruler, Montezuma
- Charles V
- Powerful Spanish king who was also elected Holy Roman Emperor
- Joseph Priestly
- Discovered oxygen
- Galileo Galilei
- Galileo was an Italian scientist who along with Galileo helped confirm Copernicus' "sun-centered" theory; Invented the telescope
- Ferdinand Magellan
- Passed through the Magellan Strait and discovered the Pacific Ocean
- Phillip II
- Charles V's son; Received Spain and its possessions to ruleWilliam of Orange
- triangular trade
- System of trade involving three stages, one of which was the transatlantic slave trade
- Roger Bacon
- Leading scholar; Favored a system of scientific experimentaion rather than faithful acceptance of religiuos ideas and ancient beliefs, as a means of finding the truth
- 3rd Stage of Triangular Trade
- Once in the Americas, slaves were sold for goods produced on plantations and sent the products to Europe
- Francisco Pizarro
- Led an expedition to Peru and claimed the land from Ecuador to Chile for Spain
- Ponce de Leon
- Discovered Florida
- Rene Descarte
- A leader of the Scientific Revolution; His ideas led to great advances in mathematics, the sciences, and philosophy;He created a mathmatical description of the way that light reflects from a smooth surface, this led to the law of refraction, a basic principle in the study of optics