MUNMEXAM2
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- Date Range and Places of Baroque Period
-
1600-1750
Europe: Germany, France & Italy - Age of Science
-
-time when the telescope & microscope first used
-Newton developed theory of gravity
-this mental climate had a significant effect on art & music - What is Baroque?
- Baroque art is considered imperfect, eccentric, elaboratory ornamented, flamboyant
- Doctrine of Affections
-
-Baroque music can be powerful, yet very impersonal
-composers feel music should have a lot emotional feelings or "affects" but not theirs - 4 Different Aspects to convey Doctorine of Affections
-
1. Rhythm: repeated patterns throughout brimming with energy & beat is clearly marked. harmonic rhythm predictable
2. Melody: opening melody repeated. continually unwinding. tends to be ornamental & elaborate
3. Dynamics: use of terraced dynamics. keyboard instruments: harpsicord & organ
4. Tempo: stays the same throughout may be a change, different movement - Terraced Dynamics
- volume tends to stay constant for a time, if does change its sudden
- Basso Continuo & 2 Instruments Used
-
(Continuous Bass)
-accompianment of a bass part together with numbers which specifies chords to be played above it
-usually played with 2 instruments (harpsichord, organ)
1.keyboard:harmonic
2.low melodic (one note at a time) instrument (cello, bassoon)
-improvised
-left hand of keyboard plays bass doubled by cello/bassoon
-right hand improvises the chords - keyboard instruments of Baroque Period
- harpsichord & organ
- How many players in Baroque orchestra?
- 10-30 players
- Core of Baroque Orchestra
-
1. upper strings
2. basso continuo - Does Baroque orchestra have standard/nonstandard sections?.
- non-standard
- Fugue
- a polyphonic composition based on one main theme called the subject. different lines take turns playing the subject from high to low voice.
- 4 parts of fugue
-
1. subject: main theme
2. answer: main theme 5 degrees higher
3. countersubject: accompanies subject
4. episodes: transitional section between presentations of subject - How many movements in a concerto?
- 3
- movements?
- self contained section with different themes, tempo, mood usually labeled with roman numerals or numbers
- Generes of Baroque Period
-
1. fugue
2. concerto
3. concerto grosso
4. sonata - concerto grosso
- group of 2-5 soloists with orchestra
- how many movements in concerto grosso?
- 3 movements
- ritornello form
-
1. return of recognizable material (or theme)
2. alternating between the two groups of soloists & orchestra (Tutti)
I & III movements use ritornello - Format of concerto?
- riternello
- Formats of concerto grosso?
- ritornello
- opera
-
-drama sung throughout with orchestral accompaniment, involves music, poetry, costumes, scenery, & chorus
-started in italy, flourished throughout europe
- aria
-
-a vocal solo, elaborate, with orchestral accompaniment, & MANY notes per syllable
-action stops, singer moves to stage center & sings about feelings
-ABA (de capo) aria-3 sections, with last part more embellished - libretto
-
-text of an opera
-usually written by a poetor librettist - castrato
-
-(castrati) castrated boys at puberty to retain a singing voice, but the lung power of a man
-only in italy (1600-1750), 70% of all opera singers were emasculated male sopranos & altos - Dates of Classical period
- 1750-1825
- classical period was in the age of???
- enlightenment
- classical period was during what 2 ages???
- enlightment & reason
- age of enlightenment???
-
-time of philosphers
-Voltaire or Francois Marie Arouet
-Denis Diderot - age of reason???
-
-approach of rationality & reason
-applying intelligence to solve problems of morality, education & politics - how many players in classical orchestra???
-
-40-60 players
-4 sections (strings, winds, brass, & percussion) - Classical Strings Section
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-1st & 2nd violins
-violas
-celli
-double bass - Classical woodwinds orchestra section
-
-2 flutes
-2 oboes
-2 clarinets
-2 bassoons
- classical brass section of orchestra
-
-2 trumpets
-2 french horns
-trombones were only added in 1808 only in operas & choral music
-no tuba (not invented yet) - classical orchestra percussion section
-
-2 timpani
-cymbals
-triangle
-snare
-bass drum - What is a symphony?
-
-a large orchestral piece in several movements (usually 4)
-gave a rise in public concerts
-period needed a genre that would be a substantial work (20-30 minutes long) - Chamber Music for Classical period?
-
-music played in small groups often unconducted
-most popular was a string quartet: 2 violins, viola & cello - What is a Sonata?
- a multi-movement work for one or more instruments at least on movement is in sonata form & for all instruments
- 3 Sections of Sonata-form
- exposition, development, recapitulation
- "City of Musicians"??
- Vienna, Austria
- patronage system
-
-a wealthy patron or establishment hires a composer for exclusive employment
ex: Bach w/ St. Thomas Church or Haydn w/ Esterhazy family - pros of patronage system
-
-provides lodging & meals
-musicians play their own work
-stead income
-guranteed work
-audiences for composer - Free-Lance System
- a sytem where composer works for himself, accepting different commissions to write music
- cons of free-lance system
-
-no security, n gurantee of work, very unstable
-must take care of his own needs - George Frederic Handel
-
-1685-1759
-Born Germany studied in italy and england
-wrote operas and oratories
-organist
-1702 studied law at Halle University
-court musician in Hanover, Germany
-wrote 40 operas, 26 oratories, Water Music, several instrument sonatas, concerti grossi, & organ concerti
- text painting
- where music reflects the text
- oratrio
- opera based on religious subject, usually performed during lent
- Time of Uprising
- classical period american revolution, french revolution and napoleanic wars took place
- preclassical period
-
-1730-1770
-the transition from baroque to classical period - genres of classical period
-
-symphony
-sonata
-concerto
-chamber music:string quartet - Vivaldi
-
-1678-1741
-born in venice, italy
-"red priest" nicknamed
-famous for the four season
-taught
- Age of Absolutism
- absolute rule of "God-chosen" monarchs
- 3 Main Instituutions for a Composer
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-opera house
-courts
-church
-schools - Recitatives
-
-a one word per syllable
-used to move dialogue along, for action & other places where its important for the words to be brought out - Who started the opera and why?
-
-Florentine Camarata who met in Florence, Italy wanted to invent a new vocal style modeled from musi of ancient Greek tragedy
-half sing/half speak - Where was the opera "Abduction from the Seraglio" set?
- Turkey
- Who was the mysterious stranger in grey, in real life?
- a servant of the Count of Wessberg
- Haydn was under the patronage of what family?
- Prince of Esterhazy
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
-
-1756-1791
-born in Salzburg, Germany
-a child progidy keyboard 7 violin
-wrote 27 piano concerti
-was composer, soloist, concert manager & ticket seller
-41 symphonies - Franz Joseph Haydn
-
-1732-1809
-known as "Papa Haydn"
-wrote 104 symphonies: "Father of Symphonies"
-83 string quartets
-violist
-6 masses
-2 oratories
-worked at estate of Prince of Esterhazy
-1790 patron dies & commissioned to Long
-wrote 12 symphonies "London Symphonies"
-known for sense of humor & wit on his music