Biology Vocab, Semester 1 Exam
Terms
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- DNA
- nuceic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
- amino acid
- compound with an amino group (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end
- anaphase
- the thrid phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes pairs seperate and move towards opposite poles
- exocytosis
- process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
- data
- evidence, information gathered from observations
- isotope
- atom of an element that has a number of neutrons diffrent from that of other atoms of the same element
- cell specialization
- sperate roles fro each type of cell in multicellular organsims
- ATP sythase
- large protein that uses energy form H+ ions to bind ATP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
- ATP
- one of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store energy
- monosacharide
- single sugar molecules
- eukaryote
- single-celled microorganisms that lacks a nuclei
- prophase
- first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles serperate and take up postitions on the oppopsite sides od the nucleus
- responding variable
- factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change in response to the manipuulated variable, also known as the dependant variable
- theory
- well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
- cell fractionation
- technique in which cells are broken into pieces adn the diffrent cell parts are seperated
- cytoskeleton
- network of protein filaments within some cells that help the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of the cell movement
- electron
- negativly charged particle, located outside the atomic nucleus
- selectively permeablity
- property of biological membranes that allows only certain substances to pass through them
- carbohydrate
- compound made of cabon, hydrogen adn oxygen atoms; major sources of energy
- adhesion
- attraction between molecules of diffrent substances, in plants: attraction between unlike molecules
- chromosomes
- thread like structre within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
- cancer
- disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the abilty to control growth
- photosynthesis
- process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to powere chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
- NAD+
- electron carrier involved in glycolysis
- golgi apparatus
- stack of membranes in the cell in which enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins
- light-dependant reactions
- reactions of photosythesis that uses energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
- interphase
- period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
- suspension
- mixture of water and nondissolved materials
- cell wall
- string layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae and some bacteria
- catalyst
- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
- molecule
- smallest unit of most compounds
- organ system
- group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
- cohesion
- attraction between molecules of teh same substance
- active transport
- energy rewuireing process that moves material accross a cell membrane against a concentration diffrence
- metabolism
- set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or brakes down matterials as it brakes down or down materials as it carries out its life process
- hypothesis
- possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question
- sexual reproduction
- process by which two cells from diffrent parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
- facilitated diffusion
- movement of specific molecules across cell membranes though protein channels
- microfilament
- long, thin fiber functions in the movement and support of the cell
- monomer
- small unit that can be joined together with other small units to form polymers
- asexual reproduction
- process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
- endoplasmic reticulum
- internal membrane system in cells in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
- pigment
- light obsorbing colored molecule
- organ
- group of tissue that work together to perform closely related functions
- faciated diffusion
- movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
- cytoplasm
- material inside the cell membrane- but not including the nucleus
- chromatid
- one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
- polymer
- large compund formed from combinations of many monomers
- metaphase
- second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
- lipid bilayer
- double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
- inference
- logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience
- lysosome
- cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
- diploid
- term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
- meiosis
- process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the seperation od homologues chromosomes in a diploid cell
- nucleotide
- monomer of nucleic acids made up of 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base
- covalent bond
- bond formed when one or meore electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- solution
- mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the solution are evenly distributed
- element
- substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
- biology
- science that seeks to understand the living world
- aerobic
- process that requires oxygen
- cell culture
- group of cells grown in a nutrient soultion from a single organall cell
- nucleus
- the center of the atom whcih contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, large structure inside some cells that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cells activieies
- chemical reaction
- process that charges one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
- van der waals forces
- a slight attraction that develops between the oppostely charged regions of nearby molecules
- calorie
- amount if energy required to raise the temperture of 1 gram of water by 1 celsius degree
- enzyme
- protein that acts as a biological catalyst
- polysaccharide
- large molecules formed from monosacchardes
- ribosome
- small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled made of RNA and protein
- centromere
- area where the chromomes are attached
- compound
- substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a definite proportions
- acid
- compund that forms hydrogen ions (h+) in solution
- mixture
- material composed of two or more elements or sompounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combinded
- thylakoid
- saclike body on chloroplasts made of photosythentic membranes that contain photosystems
- cytokinesis
- division of the cytoplasm during cell divsion
- tissue
- group of similar cells that performs a particular function
- chloroplhyll
- principal pigments of plants nad other photosythetic organisms, captures light energy
- nucleus
- large structure inside some cells that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) and controls the cells activities
- compound light microscope
- microscope that allows ligt to pass through a speciamin and uses two lenses to form an image
- buffer
- weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
- glycoloysis
- first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of gluscose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
- cell
- collection of living matter, enclosed by a barrier that seperates the cell from its surroundings, basic unit of all life forms
- cell
- collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that seperates the cell from its surroundung; basic unit of life
- heterotrouph
- organsim that obtains energy from the food it consumes, also called a consumer
- krebs cycle
- second stage if cellulare respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken inot carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions
- haploid
- term used ti refer to a cell that contains onlt a single set of chromosomes and there for only a single set of genes
- product
- element or compund produced by a chemical reaction
- cell membrane
- thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- telophase
- fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material
- tetrad
- structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during mitosis
- controlled experiment
- a test of the effect of a single variable by changing it while keeping all the other variables the same
- base
- compound that produsses hydroxide ion (OH+) in soultion
- cellular respiration
- proces that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxigen; made up of glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
- endocytosis
- process by whicj a cell takes material into the cell by infolding if the cell membrane
- vacuole
- cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
- nucleolus
- small, dense region in which the assembly of ribosomes begins
- spontaneous generation
- hypothesis (disproven) stating that life could rise form unliving matter
- solute
- substance that is dissolved to form a solution
- calvin cyle
- term used by scientists to measure the energy stored in foods; 1000 calories
- science
- organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world, also the body of knowledge that scientists have built up after years of using the process
- evolution
- change made in a kind of organism over time process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
- mitochondrian
- cell organelle that releases energy from stored food molecules
- autotroph
- organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; is also called a producer
- stroma
- region outside tthe thylkoid membranes in chloroplasts
- cyclin
- one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in the eukaryotic cells
- observation
- use of one or more of the senses- sight, sound, hearing, touch, smell and taste- to gather information
- electron microscope
- microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons on a microscope
- metric system
- decimal system of measurment based on certain physical standards and scaled on a multiple of 10
- cell theory
- idea that all liveing things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit if structure and function in living things and new cells are produced from existing cells
- lipid
- mocromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus
- microtubule
- hollow tube of protein that mainatains cell shape and can also serve as a "track" along which organelles are moved
- diffusion
- process by which molecules tend from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
- prokaryote
- single-celled microorgansims that lacks a nucleus
- substance
- reactant of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction
- micropscope
- device that produces magnified images of structures that are to small to see with the naked eye
- pH scale
- measurment system used to indicate the concentration of hydrigen ions (h+) in soultion; ranges from 0-14
- atom
- basic unit of matter
- anaerobic
- process that does not require oxygen
- cell division
- process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
- spindle
- fanlike microtubule structure that helps serperate the chromosomes during mitosis
- mitosis
- part of teh eukaryotic celll division during whcih the cell nucleus divides
- solvent
- substance in whicj a soulute is dissolced to form a soution
- ionic bond
- bond formed when one or more electrons are transfered from one atom to another
- crossing-over
- process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
- NADP+
- one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-enegy electrons from chlorophyll to another molecule
- manipulated variable
- factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change in response to manipulated variable; also known as the dependant variable
- fermentaion
- process in which cells release energy in the absense of oxygen
- centriole
- one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of an animal cell near the nuclear envelope
- reactant
- elemt or compound that enters inot a chemical reaction
- ion
- atom that has a postive or negative charge
- chloroplast
- organelle found in cells of plants and some organisms that uses energy from sunlight to make energy rich food molecules by photosythesis
- protein
- macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair to make up enzymes
- nuclear envelope
- double-membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
- organelle
- specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
- homologous
- term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
- electron transport chain
- a series of proteins in which the high enegy electrons form from the krebs cycle are used to convert ADP to ATP
- homeostasis
- proceses by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal enviroment
- activation energy
- energy needed to get a reaction started
- cell cycle
- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
- osmosis
- diffusion of water through a selcetively permeable membrane
- chromatin
- granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins