Cells
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- nuclear matrix
- a network of fine filaments that provides structural support and may be involved in the regulation of genetic activity
- rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- functions as a combination workshop and shipping depost for proteins, rough refers to the fact that it contains ribosomes
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- a part of the endoplasmic reticulum that contains no ribosomes
- anchoring proteins
- attach the cell membrane to other structures and stabilize its position
- gene activation
- the factors controlling the process of uncoiling the DNA prior to "reading"
- Proteasomes
- organelles that contain an assortment of protein-digesting enzymes, or proteases
- phospholipid bilayer
- makes up the cell membrane, and contains other lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
- chromosomes
- the distinct structures of tightly coiled chromatin taht appear just before cell division begins
- recognition proteins
- the cells of the immune system recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on the presence or absence of these
- microfilaments
- as the smallest of the cytoskeletal elements, they are less than 6nm (nanometers) in diameter
- histones
- proteins that make up nucleoli
- microtubles
- hollow tubes built from the globular protein tubulin
- intermediate filaments
- range from 7-11nm in diameter, and strengthen the cell and help maintain its shape, stabilize the positions of organelles, and stabilize the position of the cell with respect to surrounding cells through specialized attachment to the cell membrane
- membrane flow
- a continuous exchange between the ER, Golgi apparatus, and the cell membrane
- cytoskeleton
- provides an internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
- Peroxisomes
- absorb and break down fatty acids and other organic compounds
- basal body
- anchors microtubles just beneath the cell surface
- Fixed ribosomes
- attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER- membranous organelle), proteins are modified and packaged for secretion
- nonmembranous organelles
- not completely enclosed by membranes and all of their components are in direct contact with the cytosol
- gene
- the functional unit of heredity and it contains all the DNA triplets needed to produce specific proteins
- glycolysis
- the first step of ATP production
- channel
- a central pore of an integral protein that forms a passageway completely across the cell membrane
- nucleosome
- complex that occurs at intervals where the DNA strands wind around the histones
- membranous organelles
- isolated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes, just as the cell membrane isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid
- perinuclear space
- a narrow space between the double membrane of the nuclear envelope
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- a network of intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus
- receptor proteins
- sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules called ligands
- cytoplasm
- material located between the cell membane and the membrane surrounding the nucleus
- nucleoli
- dark-staining organelles that synthesize rRNA
- Free ribosomes
- scattered throughout the cytoplasm, the proteins they manufacture enter the cytosol
- cytosol
- intracellular fluid that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products
- actin
- form the microfilaments
- extracellular fluid
- a watery medium surrounding a cell
- cell membrane (or plasma membrane)
- surface of the cell that separates the inside of the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid, controls the entry or elimination of ions, nutrients, and waste. Also is the first part of the cell affected by its surroundings and gives stability to tissues
- Lysosomes
- special vesicles that provide an isolated environment for potentially dangerous chemical reactions
- nuclear envelope
- surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytosol
- carrier proteins
- bind solutes and transport them across the cell membrane
- Secretory vesicles
- contain secretions that will be discharged from the cell these vesicles will perform exocytosis (fusing with the plasma membrane to empty contents)
- cilia
- relatively long, slender extensions of the cell membrane
- integral proteins
- part of the membrane itself and are commonly transmembrane proteins
- mitochondria
- produce energy for the cell
- transport vesicles
- membranous sacs that dliver their contens to the Golgi apparatus
- Golgi apparatus
- consists of 5 or 6 flattened cisternae that modifies and packages secretions, renews or modifies the cell membrane, and packages special nzymes within vesicles for use in the cytosol
- peripheral proteins
- are attached to, but are able to separate from, the membrane
- nucleus
- the largest and most conspicuous structure in a cell; under a light microscope, it is often the only organelle visible
- nuclear pores
- where the chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol takes place
- organelles
- structures suspended within the cytosol that perform specific functions within the cell
- matrix
- the surface area exposed to fluids, where the production of energy takes place, in a mitochondrion
- cristae
- numerous folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
- tubulin
- globular protein that makes up microtubles
- ribosomes
- the organelles responsible for protein synthesis
- chromatin
- a tangle of loosely coiled, fine filaments that cells that are not dividing
- centrioles
- cylindrical structures composed of short microtubles, usually exist in pairs
- genetic code
- the chemical "language" of the cell
- inclusions
- masses of insoluble materials in the cytosol