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BIO WINTER EXAM

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Terms

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LABIA MAJORA
the outer folds of skin of the external female genitalia.
CARBOHYDRATES
Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals. These compounds are produced by photosynthetic plants and contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
MEMBRANE THAT ENCLOSES THE CELL'S CONTENTS AND ENABLES TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN AND OUT THE CELL
ANUEPLOIDY
CHANGE IN # OF CHROMOSOMES THAT LEAD TO DISORDER
MESODERM
PART OF THE THREE PART STRUCTURE THAT IS FORMED DURING GASTRULATION
LIPIDS
Any of a group of organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, are oily to the touch, and together with carbohydrates and proteins constitute the principal structural material of living cells.
UNSATURATED
not saturated; having the power to dissolve still more of a substance.
CONTROL
THING YOU CHANGE
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances
CHROMATIN
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus, consisting of DNA, RNA, and various proteins, that forms chromosomes during cell division.
DIHYBRID CROSS
hybridization using two traits with two alleles each
TURNER SYNDROME
no y chromosome
ATOM
SMALLEST COMPONENT OF ELEMENT
GOLGI APPARATUS
PROTEIN MODIFICATION
BLASTOCYST
CELLS DIVIDE BY MITOSIS AND PRODUCE A HOLLOW BALL OF CELLS
HYDROPHOBIC
"WATER HATING"
HAPLOID
Biology. an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes, ordinarily half the normal diploid number.
AMNION
the sac in which the embryo is suspended.
CELL CYCLE
MITOSIS AND ,EIOSIS
THEORY
a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena
CYTOSKELETON
TINY TUBES AND FIBERS WHICH MOCE ORGANELLES WITHIN CELL AND CONTROL SHAPE
LAW OF SEGREGATION
the principle, originated by Gregor Mendel, stating that during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.
MONOSACCHARIDES
Any of several carbohydrates, such as tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses, that cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis. Also called simple sugar.
CROSS POLLINATION
BREEDING TWO PLANTS
COVALENT BOND
POLAR/NON-POLAR. EQUAL SHARING
FSH
STIMULATES SPEMATOGENESIS/GROWTH OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE
LH
STIMULATES SECRECTION OF TESTOSTERONE/ESTROGEN
PEDIGREE
THE GENE HISTORY
PROTEINS
Any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, that are necessary for the proper functioning of an organism. They are essential in the diet of animals for the growth and repair of tissue and can be obtained from foods such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, and legumes.
NEURALATION
DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
OVULATION
CYCLE OF RELEASING EGG
FLAGELLA
the "tail"
DOMINANT ALLELE
THE MORE POWERFUL ALLELE. CAPITAL LETTER
REACTANT
any substance that undergoes a chemical change in a given reaction.
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
One of two or three twisted, curved tubules in each lobule of the testis in which spermatozoa develop.
ISOTOPES
AN ATOM THAT EITHER HAS GAINED OR LOST NUETRONS
CLEAVAGE
FIRST DIVISION OF FERTILIZED EGG
CHEMICAL BONDS
the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic chemical compounds
CILIA
HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS THAT MOVE TOGETHER TO "PROPEL" SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELL SURFACE
CAPILLARY ACTION
is the ability of a substance to draw another substance into it.
RECESSICE ALLELE
THE lower case ALLELE, SKIPS FIRST GENERATION
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
"MAKE BONDS" MAKES POLYMER
PLACENTA
STRUCTURE THAT EXCHANGES SUBSTANCES BETWEEN MOTHER AND FETUS
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
USES LIGHT
HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS
where there is greater concentration outside of cell
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU CHANGE IN AN EXPERIMENT
CLITORIS
the erectile organ of the vulva, homologous to the penis of the male
CENTROMERE
the thing that connects chromosomes
DOWN SYNDROME
EXTRA 21ST CHROMOSOME.
ATOMIC MASS
MASS OF MOLECULE
GENOTYPE
A CERTAIN ARRANGEMENT OF ALLELES
FERTILIZATION
the sperm penetrating the egg
TRACE ELEMENTS
ALL OTHER ELEMENTS BESIDES Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, P, O ,N, C, H
NUCLEOTIDES
Any of various compounds consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA.
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE
a male germ cell (primary spermatocyte) that gives rise by meiosis to a pair of haploid cells (secondary spermatocytes) that give rise in turn to spermatids
AMINO ACID
BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEIN.
POLYSACCHARIDES
POLYMER. DESIGNATES THAT ITS A SUGAR
P GENERATION
THE PARENT GENERATION
PROPHASE
Cell Biology. the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.
CORPUS LUTEUM
a ductless gland developed within the ovary by the reorganization of a Graafian follicle following ovulation.
FOLLICLE
An ovarian follicle.
CYTOSOL
the water-soluble components of cell cytoplasm, constituting the fluid portion that remains after removal of the organelles and other intracellular structures.
pH SCALE
DETERMINES BASE AND ACID
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
MEMBRANE THAT LETS SOME THING THROUGH
POLAR MOLECULE
a molecule in which the centroid of the positive charges is different from the centroid of the negative charges.
MULTIPLE ALLELES
MORE THAN ONE ALLELE
HYDROGEN BOND
STRONGEST BOND, BETWEEN MOLECULES, ONLY BONDS WITH H, O, N, AND P
MONONSOMY
THE PRESCENSE OF ONLY 1 CHROMOSOME
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
the branch of chemistry, originally limited to substances found only in living organisms, dealing with the compounds of carbon.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
HELPS TRANSPORT THINGS IN CELL. CONTAINS RIBOSOMES
CERVIX
STRONG MUSCLE AT ENTRANCE TO UTERUS
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
28 DAY CYCLE OF DISINIGRATIO OF LINING
OVUM
the female reproductive cell or gamete of animals, which is capable of developing, usually only after fertilization, into a new individual.
ACTIVATION ENERGY
the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur; "catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction"
POLYPLOIDY
having a chromosome number that is more than double the basic or haploid number.
F1 GENERATION
THE FIRST CHILDREN. RECESSIVE DOESNT APPEAR
INTERPHASE
the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions.
ALLELES
ALTERNATE FORMS OF THE GENE
ELECTRON
NEGATIVE ATOM
MONOHYBRID CROSS
hybridization using a single trait with two alleles
G1, S, G2
IN INTERPHASE
MACROMOLECULES
A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together. Also called supermolecule.
GAMETES
A reproductive cell having the haploid number of chromosomes, especially a mature sperm or egg capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex to produce the fertilized egg.
HETEROZYGOUS
HAS BOTH DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ALLELES
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
reproduction, as budding, fission, or spore formation, not involving the union of gametes.
NEUTRON
NUETRAL ATON
RIBOSOMES
WHERE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE
ORGANOGENESIS
DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANS
ORGANELLES
A differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function.
MONOMER
a molecule of low molecular weight capable of reacting with identical or different molecules of low molecular weight to form a polymer.
DIFFUSION
THE MOVEMENT OF AN ION FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LESS CONCENTRATION
SUBSTRATE
the substance acted upon by an enzyme.
AMNIOCENTESIS
a surgical procedure for obtaining a sample of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac in the uterus of a pregnant woman by inserting a hollow needle through the abdominal wall, used in diagnosing certain genetic defects or possible obstetric complications.
FATS
TRIGLYCERIDES
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
IN UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS (BACTERIA). LACK TRUE NUCLEUS. NO ORGANELLES
SCROTUM
holds the testes
NUCLEUS
CONTAINS HEREDITARY MATERIAL, THE CHRMOSOMES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE FOUND HERE
MITOCHONDRIA
MANUFACTURE CELLULAR ENERGY STORAGE MOLECULE (ATP)
MEIOSIS
production of cells in humans
SOLVENT
having the power of dissolving; causing solution.
MUTATION
sudden departure from the parent type in one or more heritable characteristics, caused by a change in a gene or a chromosome
SOLUTE
A substance dissolved in another substance, usually the component of a solution present in the lesser amount.
SOMATIC CELLS
a cell forming the body of an organism
OVARY
MEIOSIS OCCURS
ANAPHASE
THE FOURTH STAGE, CENTROMERES DIVIDE
VAS DEFERENS
the duct that transports the sperm from the epididymis to the penis.
IONIC BOND
GIVING OR TAKING ELECTRONS
SELF POLLINATIONS
WHERE THE PLANT BREEDS WITH ITSELF
METAPHASE
THE THIRD STAGE, THE CHROMOSOMES LINE UP IN THE MIDDLE
AUTOSOMES
A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
TRUE BREEDING
PURE BRED
SEMEN
the viscid, whitish fluid produced in the male reproductive organs, containing spermatozoa.
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
greater concentration inside cell
HYDROPHILLIC
(WATER LOVING) THE HEAD OF THE PHOSPOLIPID
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
WHEN THERE IS NO NET MOVEMENT
MITOSIS
production of non human cells
TELEPHASE
THE FINAL STAGE, TETRADS FORM
ZYGOTE
the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage.
SISTER CHROMATID
the copy chromatid
PROTON
POSITIVE ATOM
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME
one of a pair of chromosomes that match up at meiosis and are identical in morphology and arrangement; a chromosome with the same gene sequence as another, each derived from one parent
ENDOMETRIUM
UTERUS LINING
SURFACE TENSION
the elasticlike force existing in the surface of a body, esp. a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface, caused by asymmetries in the intermolecular forces between surface molecules.
FALLOPIAN TUBE
TUBES WHICH EGGS TRAVEL THROUGH
PROGESTERONE
COMPLETES UTERUS AND MAINTAINS FEMALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
ATOMIC NUMBER
LISTED IN UPPER LEFT CORNER, = # OF PROTONS
ACTIVE SITE
THE REGION OF AN ENZYME TO WHICH A SUBSTRATE BINDS
ESTROGEN
STIMULATES FEMALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PREPARES UTERUS
POLYMER
a compound of high molecular weight derived either by the addition of many smaller molecules, as polyethylene, or by the condensation of many smaller molecules with the elimination of water, alcohol, or the like, as nylon.
CENTRIOLES
FORM BASES OF CILIA. ORGANIZE SPINDLE DURING DIVISION
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
CHANGES AS A RESULT OF WHAT YOU DID
KARYOTYPE
the chromosomes of a cell, usually displayed as a systematized arrangement of chromosome pairs in descending order of size.
PROSTATE GLAND
A gland in male mammals surrounding the urethra at the base of the bladder that controls release of urine from the bladder and secretes a fluid which is a major constituent of semen.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
SCANNING - OVER IT. TRANSMISSION - THROUGH IT
GASTRULATION
CHANGES BLASTOCYST INTO HOLLOW EMBRYO WITH 3 LAYER TISSUE
HYDROCARBONS
Any of numerous organic compounds, such as benzene and methane, that contain only carbon and hydrogen.
PHENOTYPE
WHAT YOU SEE AS A RESULT OF GENOTYPE
F2 GENERATION
THE CHILDRENS CHILDREN, RECESSIVE SHOWS
DIPLOID
the complete set of chromosomes
EJACULATION
THE SECRETION OF SPERM
CONSTANT
THE THINGS THAT STAYS THE SAME
NONDISJUNCTION
the failure of chromosomes to separate and segregate into daughter cells at division.
VAGINA
PASSAGE LEADING TO UTERUS
TRISOMY
an abnormality characterized by the presence of an additional chromosome to the normal diploid number.
UTERUS
where the baby grows
CROSSING OVER
IN PROPHASE I WHERE GENETIC RECOMBINATIONS OCCURS
HYDROLYSIS
"BREAK BOND" MAKE MONOMER FROM POLYMER
NUCLEIC ACID
any of a group of long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions: composed of linked nucleotides.
EXOCYTOSIS
the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane
CHORION
contributing to the formation of the placenta in the placental mammals.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
FOUND IN ALL CELLULAR ORGAINISM, HAVE A TRUE NUCLUES, CONTAIN MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
COHESIONS
the intermolecular attraction between like-molecules.
ENZYME
CATALYSTS. MAINLY PROTEINS
HOMOZYGOUS
OF EITHER ALL DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE ALLELES
TESTES
MEIOSIS OCCURS
PUNNETT SQUARE
TO SEE THE POTENTIAL RESULT WHEN CROSSING TWO GENOTYPES
OSMOSIS
THE DIFFUSION OF WATER FROM HIGH TO LOW
SEX CHROMOSOME
a chromosome, differing in shape or function from other chromosomes, that determines the sex of an individual.
CYTOPLASM
REGION BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
TRANSORT WITHOUT ENERGY
MORPHOGENESIS
the development of structural features of an organism or part.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
USES ATP AS ENERGY SOURCE, CAN INVOLVE TRANSPORT OF IONS, CAN MOVE SOLUTES AGAINST THEIR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, REQUIRES THE CELL TO EXPEND ENERGY
LYSOSOMES
GETS RID OF BAD THINGS IN CELL
NUCLEUS
CONTAINS HEREDITARY MATERIAL
SATURATED
containing the maximum amount of solute capable of being dissolved under given conditions.
NUCLEOSOME
any of the repeating subunits of chromatin occurring at intervals along a strand of DNA, consisting of DNA coiled around histone.
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
HAVE EXTRA X CHROMOSOME
LABIA MINORA
the inner folds of skin of the external female genitalia.
PROBABILITY
THE PROBABILITY OF WHAT IT WILL COME OUT TO BE
HYPOTHESIS
AN EDUCATED GUESS
VACUOLES
REGULATES WATER AND SHAPE, PUSHES CYTOPLASM TO EDGE OF CELL
ENDOCYTOSIS
the transport of solid matter or liquid into a cell by means of a coated vacuole or vesicle
ENDODERM
PART OF THE THREE PART STRUCTURE THAT IS FORMED DURING GASTRULATION
HEREDITY
A GENE YOU GET FROM ANCESTORS
ECTODERM
PART OF THE THREE PART STRUCTURE THAT IS FORMED DURING GASTRULATION
PRIMARY OOCYTE
An oocyte that is in its growth phase and is at a stage that is prior to the completion of the first maturation division.
ELEMENTS
a component or constituent of a whole or one of the parts into which a whole may be resolved by analysis
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