Intro Study Guide Questions CH 1,2,3,4

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What is a specailized group of cells?: a Tissue
Which system takes in oxygen and expels carbon?: the Respitory System
What system does the skin and it's associated structures belong to?: the Integumentary System
What system does the Spinal cord belong to?: the Nervous System
The term Metabolism refers to what?: All of the catabolic and anabolic reactions that go on within the body.
What is the energy storing compound foind in cells called?: ATP
What is the fluid within the cells called?: IntraCellular fluid
What are examples of Blood and the Lymph?: ExtraCellular fluid
A state of internal balance is better known as?: Homeostasis
Splitting the body at the middle of the ears is better know as what?: Frontal/Coronal plane
What is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?: the Diaphragm
What is metabolism defined as?: The chemical reaction needed to sustain life
Cutting the body in half at the belly button is which plane?: Transverse/Horizontal plane
The study of how the body functions is?: Physiology
The study of disease is?: Pathology
List the levels of organization from the most simple to the most complex.: cell, tissue, organ, system, organism.
Which system transports blood to and from the cells?: Circulatory System
Which system is comprised of bones and joints?: Skeletal System
Define Metabolism: All the life-sustaining activites that go on within the body,
Catabolism is best described as?: The break down of complex substances into a more simple compound.
Anabolism is best described as?: The use of the catabolic substances (simple compounds) to manufacture materials needed for growth.
Describe positive feedback?: When a given action promotes more of the same action.
Describe negative feedback?: Kepps a given action is reversed for the purposes of maintaining a normal set range. IE Thermostat in a house.
What term means "farther from the midline of the body"?: Lateral
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What term means "nearer to the midline of the body"?: Medial
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Define Superior/Cranial?: Above, or higher in position
Define Inferior/Caudal?: Below or Lower
What term best describes, "Nearer to the origin of a structure"?: Proximal
What term best describes, "Farther from the origin of a structure"?: Distal
Ventral/Anterior mean what?: Located toward the belly surface or front of the body.
Dorsal/Posterior mean what?: locations nearer to the back.
If you were to make a cut through the body, splitting it into two from the nose to the belly button, which view would you get?: Sagittal Plane
What does the Dorsal cavity contain?: Brain (cranial cavity) and Spinal cord (canal)
What does the Ventral cavity contain?: The Thoracic cavity, the Diaphragm, and the Abdomino-pelvic cavity (Abdominal and Pelvic cavities)
What is contained in the Thoracic cavity?: The heart, lungs, and the large blood vessles that join the heart.
What is the Diaphragm?: A muscle that separates the Thoracic cavity from the Abdominal cavity and is used for breathing.
What is the Mediastinum?: The space between the lungs, including the organs and vessels contained in that space.
What is contained in the Abdominal cavity?: The stomach, Most of the Intestine, The liver, The gallblader, The pancreas, and The spleen
What is contained in the Pelvic cavity?: The rectum, The urinary bladder, and the internal parts of the reproductinve system.
What are the 9 regions of the Abdomen?: Right Hypochondriac, Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right Lumbar, Left Lumbar, Umbillical, Right Iliac (inquinal), Left Iliac (inquinal), Hypogastric
What is the atomic number based on?: The number of Protons
A negatively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom is what?: Neutron
A unit formed by the union of two or more atoms is what?: A molecule
A mixture which needs to be shakes or the components will separate is what kind?: A suspension
A substance that dissolves other substances is what?: A solvent
A charged atom or group of atoms is called what?: An ion
A covalent bond is formed by what?: The sharing of electrons between elements
What is a negatively charged ino called?: Anion
Compounds that release ions in a solution are called what?: Electrolytes
An acid is a substance that donates what to another substance?: A hydrogen ion
What is the pH of a solution based on?: Its concentration of the element hydrogen
A substance with the pH of 8.5% is said to be what?: Basic or Alkaline
Which element is the basis of organic chemistry?: Carbon
All proteins, not sugars, contain which element?: Nitrogen
A protein that catalyses reactions is called?: An enzyme
A sub-unit of an element is called what?: An atom
What element makes up the greates percentage by weight in the body?: Oxygen
What are the positively charged particles in the atom's nucleus called?: Protons
How do you get the atomic weight?: Add the number of Protons to the number of Neutrons
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded is what?: A mixture
A substance compoed of two or more different elements participating in a chemical bond is what?: A compound
A substance that Dissolves in another substance is called what?: A solute
A non separating suspension can be described as what?: Collodial
A mixture in which the components remain evenly distributed is what?: A solution
What does a buffer do?: Maintains a constant pH of a solution
Lipids are what?: Fats and Cholesterol
Proteins are complex molecules composed of what?: Amino acids
All enzymes are what?: Proteins
What does a hydrophobic substance do?: Repels water
A substance ending with the suffix "ase" is most likely what?: A protein
List and describe two uses of radioisotopes.: Radiation therapy: penetrates and destroys cancerous tissues
Diagnosis: X-Ray's
What are 3 characteristics of organic compounds?: All contain carbon, Big molecules, found in living organisims
Name three types of carbohydrates and an example of each.: Monosaccharides, Glucose;
Disaccharides, Table sugar;
Polysaccharides, Starch
The substance that fills the cell FROM the plasma membrane TO the nuclear membrance is called what?: Cytoplasm
What is a flagellum?: A long whiplike extension from the cell
Define Cilia.: Small hair-like projections from the cell
Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?: Lysosomes
The large organelleor "control center" of the cell is called what?: Nucleus
Name it's pair for DNA: Adenine: Thymine
Name it's pair for DNA: Guanine: Cytosine
Name it's pair for RNA: Uracil: Adenine
The substance that makes up genes is what?: DNA
The process of DNA to RNA is known as what?: Transcription
The process from RNA to Proteins is known as what?: Translation
The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is what?: Osmosis
The process by which specialized cells engulf large particles is what?: Phegocytosis
The passage of a solution through a membrane under mechanical force is?: Filtration
The peeriod between one cell division and the next is?: Interphase
A solution with that has a concentration lower than the fluid within the cell is?: Hypotonic
What is the percentage of salt in normal saline solution?: 0.9%
What would happen to a cell placed in a Hypotonic solution?: It will swell/burst
What is a mutation?: A chaned n the genetic material of a cell
Risk factor is defined as?: A personal characteristic or lifestyle habit that increases one's chances of getting cancer
What is the metric unit used for microscopic measurements?: Micrometer
What type of Microscope has the highest magnification?: Transmission electron microscope
What are the major lipids foind in the plasma membrane?: Phospholipids and Cholesterol
What do channel proteins in the plasma membrane do?: Allow substances to enter or leave
What do Transporter proteins in the plasma membrane do?: Shuttle substances from one side to the other
What are receptor proteins found in the plasma membrane?: They are points of attachments for materials coming to tje cell in the blood or tissue fluid
What are enzymes found in the plasma membrane?: Participates in reactions of the membrane
What are linker proteins in the plasma membrane?: Give structure to the membrane and attach cells to other cells
What are cell identity marker proteins found in the plasma membrane?: Unique proteins to a persons cell
What is the small body in the nucleus that make ribosomes?: Nucleolus
What is cytosol?: The liquid part of the cytoplasm.
What is cytoplasm?: The material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane
what is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?: Network of membranes within the cytoplasm
What does Rough ER do?: Sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compunds
What does Smooth ER do?: Lipid synthesis
What are ribosomes?: Small bodies in the Cytoplasm that manufacture proteins
What is the purpose of Mitochondria (Large Organelles with folded membranes)?: Converts energy from nutrients into ATP.
What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus?: Sorts, modify's and packages the proteins for export from the cell
What do Lysosomes contain?: Digestive Enzymes.
What do Peroxisomes do?: Enzymes that destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism
What do Vesicles do?: They are small bubbles used for storage
The rod-shaped bodies in the nucleus, Centrioles, do what?: Help separate the chromosomes during cell division
What is a cilia?: Hairlike projections that create movement of fluids around the cell
What are the three units of a nucleotide?: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen
What does the "m" in mRNA mean?: Messenger
What does the "r" in rRNA mean?: Ribosomal
What does the "t" in tRNA mean?: Transfer
DNA to RNA is known as what process?: Transcription
RNA to Protein is known as what process?: Translation
What is the order of the stages in Mitosis?: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What happens in prophase?: Chromosome coils and the centrioles begin to separate
What happens in Metaphase?: The chromosome lines up
What happens in Anaphase?: The chromosomes separate and begin to move toward the opposite ends of the cell
What happens in Telophase?: Separated chromosomes become two new nuclei.
What is diffusion?: The movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
What is Osmosis?: The diffusion of water through a semi-permiable membrane
What is Filtration?: The passage of water containing dissolved materials through a membrane as a result of mechanical force
What is Facilitated diffusion?: Movement of materials from a Lower concentration to a Higher concentration using transporters to move the material at a faster rate
Endocytosis is a term that describes movement of material INTO cells. What are two examples?: Phagocytosis - Membrane engulfs a particle, Pinocytosis - Membrane engulfs a droplet of fluid (cell drinking)
Movement of a material OUT of a cell is?: Exocytosis
What is an Isotonic solution?: Has THE SAME concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell
What is a Hypotonic solution?: Has a LOWER concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell (cell takes in water, swells and may burst)
What is an Hyperotonic solution?: Has a HIGHER concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell (cell looses water and shrinks)
What are the functions of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?: Cell to cell attachment, and cell recognition
What are two organelles involved in protein secretion and their contributions to the process?: Golgi appartus, used for transportation and storage; ER, sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds
List one similarity and one difference of Diffusion and Facilitated diffusion?: Both move from higher to lower concentration gradient, but one uses internal energy and the other uses transporters
Name the 6 types of membrane proteins and their functions?: 1. Channels: passage for substances, 2. Transporters: moves substances, 3. receptors: attachment of substances, 4. enzymes: reactions at the membrane, 5. Linkers: give structure to the membrane, 6. cell identity markers: Unique proteins
What type of tissue is Osseous?: Bone/Hard
The study of tissues is known as what?: Histology
Name the four main groups of tissues?: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
What are the 9 types of Epithelial tissue?: 1.simple squamous, 2.simple cuboidal, 3.simple columnar, 4. stratified squamous, 5. stratified cuboidal, 6. stratified coulmnar, 7. Transitional epithelium, 8. Glandular epithelium, 9. Pseudo-stratified
What are 4 types of Connective tissue?: 1. Liquid, 2. Soft-Connective, 3. Fiberous-Connective, 4. Hard-Connective
What are the 3 types of Muscle tissue?: 1. Skeletal muscle tissue, 2. Smooth muscle tissue, 3. Cardiac muscle tissue
A term that describes, "long, narrow" epithelial cells, is what?: Columnar
A term that describes, "flat, irregular" epithelial cells, is what?: Squamous
What is Mucus?: A stickey protective fluid secrteted by some epithelial cells.
What is Meylin?: The fatty substance that insulates and protects some nerve cell fibers
What type of connective tissue stores fat?: Adipose
What is collagen?: A flexible white protein that makes up many fibers in connective tissue
What layer of a serous membrane lines body cavities or sac?: The parietal layer
What layer of a serous membrane lines the Thoracic cavity and each lung?: The Pleurae
What layer of a serous membrane forms a sac that encloses the heart?: The Serous Pericardium
What layer of a serous membrane lines the walls of the abdominal cavities, covers organs, and forms protective structures within the abdomen?: The Peritoneum
Describe Skeletal muscle.: Voluntary, moves the skeleton
Describe Cardiac muscle.: Forms the main parts of the heart
Describe Smooth muscle.: Involuntary muscle, forms the organs
What type of connective tissue covers and protects the skeletal muscles?: Deep Fascia
What is a capsul?: A layer of dense connective tissue around an organ
What is a tendon?: A cord of connective tissue that joins a muscle to a bone
A tumor that spreads to other tissues is called?: Malignant
What is a Lipoma?: A benign tumor of adipose tissue
What is a tumor/neoplasm?: Any abnormal growth of cells
What is the Meninges?: Layers of membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
What are synovial membranes?: connective tissues that line joint cavities
What does fascia refer to?: Fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place
What is Superficial fascia: Tissue that underlies the skin and contains adipose tissue (fat) that insulates the body
What is the medical process of classifying a tumor based on size and extent of invasion called?: Staging
What is Immunotherapy?: A cancer treatment that uses substances to stimulate the immune system
The use of X-Rays to produce cross-sectional pictures of the body parts is what?: CT (Computed Tomography)
Define Radiography: The use of x-rays to obtain images of internal structures
What does pseudo mean?: False
What are the support cells of the nervous system called?: Neuroglia
What are the fibers of the neuron called?: Axons and dendrites
What is atrophy?: The wasting of a tissue due to a decrease in cell number
Fibers that conduct a nerve impules TOWARD a neuron cell body are?: Dendrites
Fibers that conduct a nerve impules AWAY from a neuron cell body are?: Axons
Endocrine glands secrete what?: Hormones
What type of tissue can strech to accomplish its function?: Transitional epithelium
Loose connective tissue is also referred as?: Areolar
What type of membrane is the Plurae?: Serous membrane
Name five signs of cancer.: Bleeding, non-healing, pain, weight loss, cough
What are three traditional types of cancer removal: 1. Surgical: mass removed, 2. Radiation: small amounts to an organ, 3. Chemo: Drugs to attack the cancer
Why is blood considered to be connective tissue?: Because connective tissue is the supporting fabric of all parts of the body and blood belongs to the Matrix
The three types of epithelial membranes are what?: 1.Serous (peritoneum), 2.Mucous (covers internal organs), 3.Cutaneous (skin)

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