Forensics ch 1
Terms
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copy deck
- US Postal Inspection Services
- criminal investigations related to postal service
- State
- maintain crime labs to service state and some local agencies that don't have access to own labs
- **Lattes
- developed procedure for determining blood type from dry stain
- Identification of evidence
- determination or the physical or chemical identity of the substance
- Trace Evidence
- transferred materials resulting from two people/things coming in contact with each other, Ex. Pet hair on clothes, fingerprints on glass, blood on shirt
- Forensic science
- application of science to criminal and civil law enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system
- **Mathieu Orfila
- father of forensic toxicology; studied the detection of poisons and their effects on animals
- DEA
- (Drug Enforcement Administration)
- The Surette of Paris
- first detective force
- Locard's principle of exchange
- A person comes in contact with an object or another person a cross transfer of physical material can occur. Study of the material can determine the nature and duration of the transfer
- Direct
- first hand observation such as eyewitnesses, confessions, police video
- Physical evidence
- any and all objects that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victim or perpetrator
- NIDIS
- FBI's DNA database; Interstate cooperation in linking crimes
- Alphonse Bertillon
- father of criminal identification; developed system of individual identification based on body measurements
- Physical
- impressions (fingerprints, footprints...)
- Federal level
- inter country inter state
- Biological
- (body fluids, hair, natural fibers)
- FBI
- (Federal Bureau of Investigation) worlds largest forensics lab
- Frye vs. US
- scientific principal or discovery must gain "general acceptance" in its field
- AFIS
- (Automated fingerprint identification system)
- Circumstantial
- used to imply a fact but does not actually prove it
- Class
- Narrows an identity to a group of persons or things, Corroborate or refute eyewitness testimonies, Establish a time frame, Aid in reconstruction of crime, Indicate probability of common origin, Knowing the blood type of suspect
- Galton
- first to study fingerprints and developed system of classifying them for filing
- Sir Alec Jeffreys
- First use of DNA to solve a crime
- Goddard
- used microscope to match bullet with weapon
- John Toms of Lancaster England
- convicted of murder on basis of torn edge of wad of paper in pistol matching remaining piece in his pocket; first documented use of physical matching
- ATF
- (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms)
- Local
- provide serves to county and municipal agencies
- **Locard
- established first police crime lab, Exchange principle says there is always a cross transfer of evidence
- Individual
- narrows the identity to a single person or thing, Ex. DNA or body fluids
- **Sir Arher Conan Doyle
- published firs Sherlock Holmes
- Comparison of Evidence
- subjects a subject's specimen and control specimen to the same tests to determine a common origin or not