Physiology 431 Week 3
Terms
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- Light sensing neurons become what?
- Hyperpolarized
- Sense receptors for smell are neurons or are not neurons?
- Are neurons
- Sense receptors for taste are neurons or are not neurons?
- Are not neursons
- What kind of receptors are concentrated around hair follicles and in the papillary layer of the skin?
- Touch and pressure
- What kind of receptors lie near the skin surface?
- Cold receptors
- What kind of receptors lie deep in the skin?
- Heat receptors
- What kind of receptors are located in the skin, muscles, tendons and joints?
- Pain receptors
- What kind of receptors are known as transducers that convert energy in the environnment into action potentials in the neurons?
- Sensory receptors
- Pacinian corpuscles detect---
- vibration
- Ruffini's corpuscles detect---
- pressure
- Meissner's corpuscles detect ---
- light touch
- Merkel's disc detect ---
- touch and pressure
- Thermoreceptors detect---
- temperature
- What is the term used when sensory receptors adapt partially or completely to their stimuli over a perior of time?
- Adaptation
- The function of a muscles is to---
- contract
- What are the 3 types of muscles in the body?
- Voluntary, involuntary and cardiac
- This muscles makes up the largest % of body mass
- Voluntary
- This muscle is inside the organs and is controlled by audonomic nerous system and you won't see striations under the microscope
- Involuntary
- This muscles has striations and is not as well defined as skeleton muscle
- Cardiac
- What are some other names for Involuntary muscles?
- Smooth or visceral
- What part of a nerve cell is called a fiber?
- A long axon
- Stimulation of a muscle cell is induced by what?
- A nerve impulse
- End of nerve that stimulates the muscle
- Motor end plate
- A motor end plate is located near the --- of a muscle which means the action potential moves in --- directions
-
middle
two - Nerve to muscle synapse between motor nerve and muscle
- Neuromuscular junction
- At the neuromuscular junction the --- release a --- that diffuses across the synapse and attacheds to receptor on the -------
-
axon terminal
neurotranmitter
motor end plate - What induces muscle contraction?
- A depolarization wave
- What breaks down the neurotransmitter so that there is no sustained contraction?
- An enzyme
- How many microfibils can each muscle cell contain?
- 100,000s
- What is the name for the series of interlocking protein strands found in each myofibril?
- Actin and myosin
- Muscle cell membrane (outer membrane) that takes action potential to the T-Tubules.
- Sarcolemma
- Tubular extensions from sarcolemma that carries depolarization to the cell's interior cytoplasm
- T Tubles
- Term for muscle cell cytoplasm
- Sarcoplasm
- Endoplasmic reticulum like bag that contains calciium ions
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Skeletal cells that have cardiac muscle and smooth cells have 1 multiple nucleii
- Nucleus
- Individual, functional until of a muscle- the area that is getting smaller (compared to a collapsible room) - also known as the functional unit of a muscle
- Sarcomere
- Acts like the 2 moveable walls of the sarcomere
- Z disc
- Muscle filaments attached to the Z disc - proteins
- Actin
- Not attached to and moves the actin
- Myosin
- Extension off myosin that attached to actin and moves it
- Cross bridges
- ---- latch on to the actin at specific binding sigths
- Cross bridges
- 2 proteins that help regulated the cross bridge / actin connection
- Tropomyosin and troponin
- In the relaxed muscles, this covers the binding site (like the pot holder)
- Tropomyosin
- A prtein that holds tropomyosin in place (like the hand holding it)
- Troponin
- When an action potential is generated in the muscle fiber, --- are released from the ----- and interact with the troponin
-
Ca ions
Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Relaxation of a muscle fiber takes place when the --- are returned to the SR during ----
-
Ca ions
repolarization - A single depolarization/repolarization cyccle is called a ---
- twitch
- At room temp, the body stiffens, contracting of muscles after death - lasts for 24 hours
- Rigor mortis
- The sustained contraction of muscle after death starts when the ---- starts to break down and --- are released.
-
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca ions - What 5 things are seen under a microscope when a striated muscle is looked at?
-
Z line
A band
H band
M line
I band - Represents where the walls of sarcomere can see the Z discs under a microscope
- Z line
- Beginning and end of the total myocin stretch - where you can see all of the I band
- A band
- The inner part of a band w/no action , where you just see myocin
- H band
- The dead center portion of sarcomere - the connection that holds myocin together
- M line
- Area around Z disc where actin is the only item present
- I band
- 1 nerve fiber and all the muscle cells that it stimulates ( a few to 100)
- Motor unit
- A muscle cell will contract competely or not at all
- All or nothing rule
- All muscles at all times will have some degree of stimulation and in a slight state of contraction - normal state of a muscle
- Muscle tone
- A phosphate plus a high energy bond plus a molecule of creatine
- Phosphocreatine
- Sustained energy comes from the breakdown of ---
- Glycogen
- What two things burn it's glucose in the presence of oxygen?
- Aeorobic metabolism and pyruvic acid
- Anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid cause you to ---
- breath hard
- What type of muscle has a modified striated appearance?
- Cardiac muscle
- Each cardiac muscle fiber has only --- nucleus while striated muscle has ---
-
one nucleus
a number of nuclei - --- cells are interconnected so that only 1 muscle cell needs to be depolarized in order for all the --- muscles to be depolarized
-
Cardiac
cardia - --- is in contact with other muscles, synapse or connecting between cardiac cells that allow depolarization to travel from cell to cell
- Intercalated discs
- There are more mitochondria and muscles cells and blood supply in a cardiac or a skeletal muscle?
- Cardiac
- Cardiac or skeletal muscle? contractions last longer - anaerobic only
- Cardiac
- Cardiac or skeletal muscle? Can't work under anaerobic conditions
- Cardiac
- Spindle shaped, tapered ends and have only 1 nucleus
- Smooth muscles
- Does not have the more complicated striations of skeletal and cardiac muscles because they are not organized into sarcomeres
- Smooth muscles
- Counterparts of the Z line in skeletal and cardiac muscle - have to pull on the dense bodies
- Intermediate filaments
- Smooth muscle comes in two forms
- Visceral and multiunit
- Forms a continuous interconnected network of muscle fibers that function as a single unit
- Visceral
- Type of arrangement that is found in blood vessels, GI tract, uterus
- Visceral muscles
- Individual muscle fibers - each separate muscle fiber is controlled by separate motor neurons
- Multiunit smooth muscle
- These types of muscles contract and relax more slowly, require less energy and receive nerve impulse from the ANS and not under voluntary control
- Smooth muscles
- Composed of specialized connective tissue that contains a collagenous mix of calcium and small amounts of other minerals
- Bone
- Bone calcium and strength stays stronger regardless of age if you do what?
- Stay active
- Cell that makes bone
- Osteblast
- Cell that resorbs bone
- Osteoclast
- Cells that maintain bone
- Osteocyte
- Starts out as membrane to cartillage and than to bone - makes up most of the bones in the body
- Enchondral bone formation
- 1st place in bone that is still cartillage that turns to bone
- Center of ossification
- Is growing in length - growth cartillage between shaft and epidysis
- Epiphysial plate
- When everything has turned to bone
- Line in long bone
- Found in most long bones
- Enchondral bone formation
- Found in skull and clavicles - goes from membrane to bone - allows bone to bend during birth
- Intramembranous bone formation
- Areas where bone is still membrane
- Soft spot in the head
- Two sensory systems involved in proprioception
- Golgi tendon and muscle spindles
- Tells how much pull or stress a muscle is putting on a tendon
- Golgi tendon organs located in juction of a tendon with a muscle
- Inside muscle tells brain how far muscle has been stretched out and how quickly
- Muscle spindles in the belly of skeletal muscle
- Tube system to the lungs
- Respiratory passages
- Upper part of the airways
- Nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
- Lower part of the airways
- trachea, bronci and bronchials
- Movement through respiratory passages to and from the lung into the lungs
- Ventilation
- Actual movement of oxygen in to blood - carbon dioxide out to the chest cavity
- Gas exchange
- Where does gas exchange take place?
- In the alveoli
- Substance that reduces surface tension on water molecules in alveoli - allowing them to expand fully
- Surfactant
- Intrapulmonary pressure is
- pressure inside the lungs
- Intrapleural pressure is
- Pressure inside the pleural sac
- The pleural space around the lungs has a pressure slightly less than
- atmospheric pressure
- We breathe in by ...
- contracting our diaphram
- Exhaling is what kind of an action
- totally passive
- What organs are elastic in nature?
- lungs and thorax
- Medical term for distensibility of the lungs
- Compliance