Griffin Tech A&P 101, chp 12 Blood
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- What are the three function of blood?
- Transportation, Regulation, and protection
- Function of blood that transports nutrients and vitamins to cells and waste product from cells?
- Transportation
- Function of the blood for body temperature, PH, fluid balance?
- Regulation
- Function of blood done by carrying the cells and antibodies to protect against infection?
- Protection
- Two main components of blood?
- Plasma, Formed elements
- Component of blood that is the liquid part of blood?
- Plasma
- Component of blood that includes cells and cell fragments?
- Formed elements
- Plasma is what percentage of H2O?
- 90%
- Subcomponent of plasma important in maintaining healthy tissues?
- Proteins
- Four types of blood plasma protein?
- Albumin, clotting factors, anti-bodies, complement
- Type of plasma protein that maintains proper pressure in blood?
- Albumin
- Type of plasms protein necessary for blood coagulation?
- Clotting Factor
- Type of plasma protein that fight infections?
- Anti-bodies
- Type of plasma protein whose enzymes help maintain the anti-bodies that fight infection?
- Complement
- Type of formed element that are known as RBC?
- Erythrocytes
- Type of formed element known as WBC?
- Leukocytes
- Type of formed element are cell fragment?
- Platelets
- What type of tissue is blood classified as?
- A connective tissue
- Why is blood a connective tissue?
- Because it consists of cells suspended in an intercellular background material, or matrix.
- What is the main difference between regular connective tissue and blood?
- Blood cells move freely, are not fixed, move freely in plasma (liquid)
- Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood through?
- Thin membrane in the lungs
- How do the nutrients to support cells enter the blood stream?
- The digestive system or storage reserves
- How is the waste expelled from the blood stream?
- By kidneys, liver, lungs
- Blood carries hormones from the secreting origin to?
- Target tissues
- What help keeps the PH of blood?
- Buffers
- The PH of blood is?
- 7.35-7.45 PH
- Blood regulates the amount of fluid in the ?
- Tissues
- Which substances maintain osmotic pressure?
- Mainly proteins
- The blood transports heat produced by the?
- muscles
- Erythrocytes transport?
- Oxygen to cells and tissue
- Leukocytes protect agains?
- Infection
- Thrombocytes or Platelets do what?
- participate in blood clotting
- What is the percentage of plasma in whole blood?
- 55%
- What is the percentage of formed elements in whole blood?
- 45%
- Of the 55% plasma, what percentage are proteins?
- 8%
- Of the 55% plasma, what percentage is water?
- 91%
- Of the 45% of formed elements, what % is leukocytes and platelets?
- 0.9%
- Of the 45% of formed elements, what is % of erythrocytes?
- 99.1 %
- The most abundant protein in plasma?
- Albumin
- Type of blood proteins, manufactured in the liver?
- Albumin, clotting factor
- Type of blood protein important in maintaining osmotic pressure?
- Albumin
- Anti-bodies are made by certain ?
- Leukocytes WBC
- The remaining ___% of plasma consists of nutrients, electrolytes, and other materials that must be transported?
- 1%
- Next to water what is the most abundant type of substance in plasma?
- RBC erythrocytes
- Tiny biconcave disks without a nucleus?
- RBC
- Iron containing protein that binds to oxygen in the blood?
- Hemoglobin
- Larger than RBC with prominent nucleus?
- WBC
- Leukocytes can be segmented or ?
- granulocyte
- Leukocytes can be unsegmented or?
- agranulocyte (a=without)
- Fragment of large cell or megakaryocyte are description of?
- Platelets
- The principle carbohydrate found in plasma is?
- glucose
- All of the blood formed elements are produced in ?
- Red bone marrow
- The ancestors of all the blood cells are called?
- hematopoietic stem cells
- These cells have the potential to develop into any of the blood types produced within red marrow?
- Hematopoietic stem cells
- Anuclear=
- without nucleus
- What give blood its' red color?
- Hemoglobin bound to oxygen
- Enzymes that exist to battle pathogens?
- Compliment
- The watery fluid that remains after a blood clot is removed?
- Serum
- The most abundant type of white blood cell in whole blood?
- Neutrophils
- A mature mononcyte?
- Macrophage
- A lymphocyte that produces antibodies?
- Plasma cell
- A leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes?
- Eosinophils
- The largest blood luekocyte?
- monocyte
- A substance that often accumulates when leukocytes are actively destroying bacteria?
- Pus
- A plasma protein that is activated to form a blood clot?
- fibrinogen
- An enzyme that triggers the final clotting mechanism?
- Prothrombinase
- The process by which cell become clumped when mixed with a specific antiserum?
- Agglutination
- Contraction of smooth muscles in the blood vessel wall?
- Vasoconstriction
- Another term for profuse bleeding?
- hemorrhage
- A protein in blood cells that causes incompatibility reactions?
- Antigen
- The blood antigen involved in a hemolytic disease of newborn, which results from a blood incompatibility between a mother and fetus?
- Rh Factor
- The procedure for removing plasma and returning formed elements to the donor?
- plasmapheresis
- The procedure for removing specific components and returning the remainder of the blood to the donor?
- hemopheresis
- Blood donated by an individual for use by the same individual?
- autologous
- The volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood?
- Hematocrit
- The administration of blood or blood components from one person to another?
- transfusion
- Plasma can be given to anyone without danger of incompatibility because it lacks?
- Red cells
- Polymorphs, PMNs and segs are alternate names for?
- Neutrophils
- Blood clotting occurs in a complex series of steps, the substance that finally forms the clot is?
- Fibrin
- An Rh incompatibility problem occurs when?
- the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive
- Intrinsic factor is?
- A substance needed for absorption of vitamin B12
- Electrophoresis is?
- A process by which normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin can be seperated
- An immature neutrophil?
- Band cell
- Blood that contains antibodies against A antigen is termed?
- Type B
- The conversion of prothrombin requires the element?
- Calcium
- The gas that is necessary for life and is transported to all parts of the body by the blood is?
- Oxygen (O)
- The most important function of blood lymphocytes is to engulf disease-producing organisms by the process called?
- phagocytosis (phag=eat, cyte=cell, osis=condition of)
- The chemical element that characterizes hemoglobin?
- Iron (Fe)
- What type of blood contains anitbodies to both A and B antigens?
- Type O
- Substances that induce blood clotting are called?
- procoagulants
- Twelve substances designated by roman numerals that regulate blood clotting?
- Clotting Factors
- Visual count of blood cells is completed by using a microscope and a special slide called?
- hemocytometer
- In the formed elements of blood, how many eythrocytes per microliter of blood?
- 5 million
- In the formed elements of blood, how many leukocytes per microliter of blood?
- 5,000 to 10,000
- In the formed elements of blood, how many platelets per microliter of blood?
- 150,000 to 450,000
- Mature erythrocytes are constantly replaced because?
- They cannot divide and they have not nucleus
- After leaving the bone marrow to circulate in the blood stream, these RBC are in the body for how many days?
- 120
- RBC are destroyed by which organs?
- Liver and spleen
- Which hormone is released from the kidneys in response to a decrease in oxygen supply?
- Eryhtopoietin (EPO)
- Which vitamins are required for the production of DNA?
- B (B12)
- Which minerals are important in hemoglobin production?
- Copper and Iron
- Why is Vitamin C important from the small intestines?
- For proper absorption of Fe
- Red blood cells are modified to carry a maximum amount of hemoglobin, what is the main function of hemoglobin?
- Delivers oxygen to all parts of the body via the bloodstream
- Luekocytes differ in appearance from erythrocytes due to?
- They contain prominent nuclei of varying shapes and sizes, the cells are round
- Luekocytes differ in color because they tend to be?
- Colorless
- How are leukocytes identified?
- By their size, shape of nucleus, appearance of granules in the cytoplasm when stained
- The most common stain used for blood is called?
- Wright Stain
- A mixture of dyes that differentiates the various blood cells?
- Wright Stain
- The granules in the leukocytes are?
- Lysosomes and other secretory vesicles
- Two cataegories of leukocytes?
- Granulocyte and Agranulocyte
- This category of leukocytes has a very distinctive, highly segmented nucleus?
- Granulocyte
- Type of Granulocytes?
- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
- Type of granulocyte that is stained with both acidic and basic dyes, and shows lavender granules?
- neutrophils
- Type of granulocyte that is stained with acidic dyes and have beadlike, bright pink granules?
- Eosinophils
- Type of granulocyte that is stained with basic dyes and have large, dark blue granules that often obsure the nucleus?
- Basophils
- The relative percentage of neutrophils in an adult?
- 54-65%
- The main function of neutrophils is?
- Phagocytosis
- Relatic percentage of Eosinophils in an adult?
- 1-3%
- The main function of eosinophils is?
- Allergic reactions; defense against parasites
- Relative percentage of basophils in an adult?
- Less that 1%
- Main function of Basophils?
- Allergic reactions: Inflammatory reactions
- Type of granulocyte that nuclei are various shapes?
- Neutrophils
- Before reaching maturity these type of granulocytes become segmented and the nucleus looks like a thick curved band?
- Band cells (immature cells of neutrophils)
- An increase in the number of band cells also called stab or staff cells may?
- Indicate an infection
- What types of granulocytes increase in numbers during allergic reactions?
- Eosinophils and basophils
- Type of leukocytes that lack easily visible granules?
- Agranulocytes
- Their nuclei are round and curved and are not segmented?
- agranulocytes
- Types of agranulocytes?
- Lymphocytes and monocytes
- The second most numerous white cell?
- Lymphocytes
- Type of agranulocyted that originates in the bone marrow but matures in lymhoid tissue?
- Lymphocytes
- Type of agranulocyte that circulate in the lymphatic system and are active in immunity?
- Lymphocytes
- The largest of the wbc?
- Monocytes
- Type of blood cell that clear the body of foreign material and cellular debris?
- Leukocytes
- The engulfing of foreign matter is termed?
- phagocytosis
- A mixture of dead and living bacteria together with dead and living leukocytes forms?
- Pus
- A collection of pus localized in one area is?
- abcess
- Mature monocyte?
- macrophage
- The smallest formed element?
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
- Are not cells in themselves, but rather fragments constantly released from giant bone marrow cells?
- platelets
- Giant bone marrow cells?
- Megakaryocytes
- Formed element that does not have nuclei or DNA but contain enzymes and mitochondria?
- platelets
- Life span of a platelet?
- 10 days
- Life span of a leukocyte?
- 6-8 hours
- The process that prevents blood loss from the circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by an injury?
- Hemostasis
- Events in hemostasis?
- Contraction, platelet plug, blood clot
- Reduces the flow of blood and loss from the defect in the vessel wall Or vasoconstriction?
- Contraction
- Activated platelets become sticky and adhere to the defect to form a temporary plug?
- Platelet plug
- When injured what type of coagulant is activated?
- procoagulant
- A substance that triggers the final clotting mechanism?
- prothrombinase
- Calcium is needed to convert blood into?
- thrombin
- Converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin?
- Thrombin
- Forms a network of threads that entraps plasma and blood cell to form a clot?
- fibrin
- Contains all the components of blood EXCEPT the clotting factor?
- Serum
- What happens when fibrigen converts to fibrin?
- Forms a clot
- Certain proteins on the surface of the red cells cause incompatibility reactions in types of blood called?
- Antigens or agglutinogens
- Name the four blood types involving the A and B antigens?
- A, B, AB, and O
- If only the A antigen is present then the persons type of blood is?
- Type A
- If only the B antigen is present then the persons type of blood is?
- Type B
- Blood type that has both A and B antigens?
- AB
- Blood type that doesn't have any antigens?
- O
- Type A reacts with which antiserum?
- Anti-A
- Type A plasma antibodies?
- Anti-B
- Type A can receive blood from?
- Type A and O
- Type a Can donated to?
- A, AB
- Type B reacts with antiserum?
- Anti-B
- Type B plasma antibodies?
- Anti-A
- Type B can receive blood from?
- B, O
- Type B can donate blood to?
- B, AB
- Type AB reacts to which antiserum?
- Anti-A, Anti-B
- Type AB plasma antibodies?
- Type AB can recieve from?
- AB, A, B, O
- Type AB can donate to?
- AB
- Type O antigen?
- NONE
- Type O Antiserum?
- NONE
- Type O plasma antibodies?
- Anti-A, Anti-B
- Type O can receive from?
- O
- Type O can donate to?
- O, A, B, AB
- Blood serum containing antibodies that can agglutinate and destroy red cells with B antigen?
- Anti-B serum
- Blood serum containing antibodies that can agglutinate and destroy cells with A antigen?
- Anti-A serum
- People with type O blood are called?
- Universal DONORS
- People with type AB blood are called?
- Universal RECIPIENTS
- Why is Type O blood considered universal donor?
- It doesn't contain A or B antigens
- Why is Type AB considered universal recipient?
- Contains no antibodies to agglutinate red cells
- Named for Rhesus monkeys?
- Rh Factor
- Also known as the D antigen?
- Rh Factor
- People with the D antigen are considered?
- Rh Positive
- People without the D antigen are considered?
- Rh Negative
- HDN=
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn
- HMD is also called?
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- The disease when a mothers Rh antibodies pass to the fetus and destroy the fetus's red blood cells?
- HMD
- HMD is prevented by administering what immune globin?
- RhD
- To keep blood from clotting at a blood bank, what solution is added?
- CPDA-1 (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine)
- Blood may be stored for how many days?
- 35 days
- A machine that spins in a circle at high speed to separate components of a mixture according to density?
- Centrifuge
- Can be used alone in an emergency to replace blood volume and prevent circulatory failure (shock)?
- Plasma
- Plasma can be separated by chemical means into?
- plasma protein fraction, serum albumin, immune serum, and clotting factors
- Cell free isotonic solutions used to maintain blood fluid volume to prevent circulatory shock?
- Plasma expanders
- A white precipitate which forms of frozen blood plasma bags?
- cryoprecipitate
- The normal range for hematocrit in adult men is?
- 42-54%
- The normal range for hematocrit in adult women is?
- 36-46%
- A decrease in hemoglobin to below normal levels signifies?
- Anemia
- Normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin can be separated and measured by what process?
- electrophoresis
- A ruled slide used to count the cells in a given volume of blood under the microscope?
- hemocytometer
- An increase in red cell count is termed?
- Polycythemia
- A decrease in the red cell count is termed?
- Anemia
- When the white cell count is below 5000 cells per mL?
- Leukopenia
- When the white cell count exceeds 10,000 cells per mL?
- leukocytosis
- CBC=
- Complete Blood Count
- The name given a erythrocyte prior to leaving the marrow and entering the bloodstream?
- reticulocytes
- A decreased platelet count is termed?
- thromocytopenia
- What type of blood component contains anti bodies?
- Gamma globulin
- What are two types of hemoglobin tests?
- color test and electrophoresis
- Red blood cells live how many days?
- 120 Days
- The circulating platelets can live how many days?
- 10 days
- Also known as agglutinins?
- Antibodies (Ab)
- Also known as agglutinogens?
- Antigens (Ag)
- Substance produced in response to a specific antigen?
- Antibodies
- Foreign substance that produces an immune response?
- Antigens
- NLMEB=
- Greatest to smalles White blood cells=Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils