Bio CH6
Terms
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copy deck
- Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lens
- Light Microscope (LMs)
- Subcellular structures
- Organelles
- Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface
- Electron Microscope (EM)
- Especially useful for detailed study of the surface of a specimen
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM
- Aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen, similar to the way a light microsocpe transmits light through a slide
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
- Taking cells apart and seperating the major organelles from one another
- Cell Fractionation
- An instrument used to fractionate cells
- Centrifuge
- A semifluid substance inside the cell membrane
- cytosol
- Functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell
- plasma membrane
- Network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other symthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Double membrane closing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER
- Nuclear envelope
- Nonmembranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes
- Nucleolus
- Material consisting of DNA and proteins; visable as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell
- Chromatin
- Membrane enclosing the cell
- plasma membrane
- Nonmembranous organelles (small brown dots) that make proteins; free in cytoplasm or bound to rouh ER or nuclear envelope
- Ribosomes
- Organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products
- Golgi apparatus
- Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
- Lysosome
- Organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
- Mitochondrion
- Organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide
- Peroxisome
- Projections that increase the cell's surface area
- Microvilli
- Reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components are mode of protein
- Cytoskeleton
- Region whree the cell's microtubules are inititated; in an animal cell, contains a pair of centrioles
- Centrosome
- Location organelle present in some animal cells; composed of membrane-enclosed microtubules
- Flagellum
- Prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth
- Central vacuole
- Membrane enclosing the central vacuole (plants)
- Tonoplast
- Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells (plants)
- Plasmodesmata
- Outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein
- Cell wall
- Region where the cell's microtubules are initiated; lacks centrioles in plant cells
- Centrosome
- Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell
- nucleus
- Encloses the nucleus
- nuclear envelope
- Netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
- nuclear lamina
- structures that carry the genetic information
- chromosomes
- a complex of proteins and DNA, makes up chromosomes
- chromatin
- prominents structure within the nondividing nucleus; rRNA is synthesized from the DNA here
- nucleolus
- particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein; organelles that carry out protein synthesis
- ribosomes
- extensive network of membranes that accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells; consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
- endoplasmic reticulum
- outer surface lacks ribosomes
- smooth ER
- has ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane and thus appears rough
- rough ER
- What are the functions of smooth ER?
- syntehsis of lipids, metabolism of carbyhydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions
- Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
- glycoproteins
- Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
- transport vesicles
- What are the functions of rough ER?
- specialized cells secrete proteins produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER; the ER keeps these proteins seperate; and it is a membrane factory for the cell
- The center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, snd shipping. Products of ER are modified and stored then sent to other destinations.
- Golgi apparatus