lecture #1 2
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- microbiology
- study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by unaided eye
- microorganisms include...
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viruses
bacteria
protozoa
algae
fungi - spontaneous generation
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ARISTOTLE
misconception that living organisms can dev. from nonliving matter - Francesco Redi
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experiments on decaying meat
maggots come from fly eggs, not meat - Antony van Leeuwenhoek
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constructed simple microscope and lenses (50-300x)
"wee animacules" - Robert Hooke
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made drawings of Mucor (bread mold)
work led to cell theory - cell theory
- all living things are composed of cells
- John Needham
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proposed that organic matter contained vital force
mutton broth in flasks -> boiled -> sealed; cloudy broth developed and contain microorganisms - Lazzaro Spallanzani
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broth in flasks -> sealed -> boiled
no growth of microorganism
propose air carried germs to culture or that air was needed for growth of organisms already in medium - Anton Laurent Lavoisier
- showed importance of oxygen to life
- Rudolf Virchow
- concept of biogenesis to challenge spontaneous generation
- biogenesis
- living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells
- John Tyndall
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proposed that dust carried microorganisms
provided evidence for existence of heat-resistant forms of bacteria - Ferdinand Cohn
- independently discovered existence of heat-resistant bacterial endospores
- Agostini Bassi
- silkworm disease due to fungal infection
- Ignaz Semmelweis
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childbirth fever:
physicians transmit disease from one patient to another - M.J. Berkeley
- potato blight caused by fungus
- Joseph Lister
- treated surgical wounds w/ phenolic soln
- Bob Koch
- established relationship b/w Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
- Edward Jenner
- used vaccination procedure to protect individuals fro small pox
- variolation
- deliberate infection w/ small pox
- Pasteur and Roux
- attenuation (incubation of cultures for long intervals b/w transfers caused pathogens to lose ability to cause disease)
- Louis Pasteur
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demonstrated alch fermentation and other fermentations were result of microbial activity
developed process of pasteurization to preserve wine during storage -
Sergei Winogradsky
Martinus Beijernck -
studied soil microorganisms; nitrogen fixation
pioneered use to enrichment cultures and selective media - three common bacterial shapes
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coccus
bacillus
spiral - three types of spiral bacteria
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vibrios
spirilla
spirochete - vibrios
- curved rods
- spirilla
- 2 or more twists
- spirochete
- corkscrew shaped
- diplo
- pairs
- staphylo
- grape-like clusters
- strepto
- chains
- arrangements of bacilli (4)
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single bacillus
diplobaccilli
streptobacilli
coccobacillus - inclusion bodies
- storage (C, PO3, etc)
- periplasmic space
- enzymes, binding proteins, etc.
- mesosome
- invagination of plasma membrane
- gas vacuole
- provides buoyancy
- capsules and slime layers
- phagocyte resistance, adherence
- fimbriae and pili
- attachment and mating
- hopanoids
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pentacyclic
stabilize membrane
have contributed to formation of petroleum - two types of proteins in plasma membrane
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peripheral
integral - integral proteins
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amphipathic
carbs - plasma membrane function
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selectively permeable membrane
location of variety of crucial metabolic processes
separation of cell from environment
site of receptor molecules