Biology Chapter 7 CRQ's
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- 01. What were the first lenses in Europe used for?
- The first lenses were used in Europe in the late 1500's by merchants who needed to determine the quality of cloth.
- 40. What happens to proteins in the Golgi apparatus?
- Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. From the Golgi apparatus, proteins are then sent to their final destinations.
- 20. Who discovered the nucleus?
- Scottish botanist Robert Brown first identified the nucleus in 1831.
- 10. What 4 structures are common to most cells?
- 4 structures common to most cells: cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
- 11. What's the main difference btw prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
- Main difference btw eukaryotes and prokaryotes: the cell of eukaryotes have a nucleus, but the cells of prokaryotes do not.
- 12. What kinds of living things are prokaryotes?
- All bacteria are prokaryotes. Ex. of prokaryotes include escherichia coli and staphyococcus aureus.
- 13. What activities associated with life can prokaryotes carry out?
- Prokaryotes carry out every activity associated with life. They grow, reproduce, and respond to changes in the environment.
- 14. What are organelles?
- Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell.
- 15. What kinds of things are eukaryotes?
- All plants, animals, and fungi, and many microorganisms, are eukaryotes.
- 16. What kinds of cells have a cell wall? What kinds don't?
- Cell walls are found in many organisms including plants, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes. Animal cells, do not contain cell walls.
- 17. What is the main function of the cell wall?
- The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell.
- 18. Plant cell walls are made up of what?
- Plant cell walls are made mostly of cellulose, a tough carbohydrate fiber.
- 19. What kinds of chemicals is wood made up of?
- Cellulose is the principal component of both wood and paper.
- 21. What is the function of the nucleus?
- The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
- 07. What did Rudof Virchow add to the cell theory?
- Rudolph Virchow summarized his years of work stating, "where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell...."
- 23. What is chromatin composed of?
- Chromatin consists of DNA bound to protein?
- 27. What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
- The cytoskeleton helps to support the cell. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape.
- 28. The cytoskeleton consists of what 2 main parts?
- The cytoskeleton is made up of a number of important structures, including microtubules and microfilaments.
- 29. What do microtubules do during cell division?
- They help to separate chromosomes during cell division.
- 22. What does DNA do?
- DNA combines with protein to form chromatin, which is found throughout the nucleus.
- 32. Why do you suppose the microfilaments are sometimes called the skeleton of the cell?
- Microfilaments are sometimes called the skeleton of the cell because they are the outline then everything starts to fill in around it.
- 33. What does organelle mean? Why are they called this?
- Organelles or "little organs".
- 34. What is the function of ribosomes? Where are the two places they are found?
- Ribosomes produce proteins following coded instructions that come from the nucleus.
- 24. When are you going to see chromosomes in a cell?
- You are going to see chromosomes in a cell when a cell divides.
- 25. What is the function of the nucleolus? Where is it located?
- Function of the nucleolus is where the assembly of ribosomes begins.
- 37. Proteins that are made for release from the cell are made by what organelle?
- Proteins that will be released from the cell are modified in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, as are many membrane proteins.
- 38. Proteins that are needed inside the cell are made by what?
- Other cellular proteins are made by "free" ribosomes, which are not attached to any membrane.
- 39. What happens to the proteins once they leave the rough er?
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- 26. What's moving through the pores in the nuclear envelope?
- The nuclear envelope is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores, which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus.
- 30. What kinds of cells have centrioles?
- In animal cells, microtubules form a pair of structures known as centrioles.
- 02. What two instruments were invented in Holland in the 1600's?
- In Holland in the early 1600's two useful instruments were constructed: the telescope and the microscope.
- 03. What was Leeuwenhoek the first person to see?
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see tiny living organisms in a drop of water.
- 04. Why did Hooke call the tiny chambers he observed in the cork, cells?
- Robert Hooke called these chambers "cells", because they reminded him of a monastery's tiny rooms, which were also known as cells.
- 05. What are cells?
- Cells are the basic units of all forms of life.
- 06. What contributions did Schleiden and Schwan make to the cell theory?
- Matthias Schleiden-concluded all plants are made of cells. Theodor Schwann-concluded that animals are also made of cells.
- 31. Cilia and Flagella help single-celled organisms do what?
- Cilia and flagella enable cells to swim rapidly through liquids. They can produce considerable force; in some cells, cilia move almost like the oars of a boat, pulling or pushing cells through the water.
- 08. What are the 3 main ideas that make up the cell theory?
- Cell theory: 1) all living things are composed of cells. 2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3) New cells are produced from existing cells.
- 09. How big are the tiniest bacteria?
- The tiniest bacteria are only 0.2 micrometers across. The giant amoeba, chaos, chaos, may reach 1,000 micrometers in diameter.
- 35. Why is it called the "rough" er?
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum has this name because of the ribosomes that stud its surface.
- 36. What happens on the outside of the rough er? Inside the rough er?
- Newly made proteins move directly from these ribosomes into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they may be chemically modified.