Microbiology Chapter 1 Notes
Terms
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- what is a microorganism
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-a large diverse group of free living organisms
-single celled or cell clusters
-able to grow, generate energy, and reproduce without the aid of other cells - what is microbiology
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-the study of microorganisms
-to understand how microogranisms work and devise ways that benefits may be increased and damages curtailed - how have micros affected human existence?
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-"Black Death"
-Irish potato famine
-Infectious diseases
-HIV/AIDS
-1918 influenza epidemic
-antibiotic drugs
-bread,wine,cheese,beer
-fertilization - what is "Black Death"
-
-bubonic plague
-killed 1/4 of the whole population of Europe - What happened to the potatoes in the Irish potato famine in the 1840s
- the Irish potato was attacked by a fungus
- More soldiers died from _____________ ___________ in WWI than from guns.
- infectious diseases
- HIV causes
- AIDS
- How many people died in the 1918 influenza epidemic
- 202 million
- what was the first antibiotic
- penicillin
- what are the possible reasons for the differences in deaths during 1900 and 1984?
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-disinfection of hands by doctors
-water treatment - what are legumes
- a group of plants that live in close association with special bacteria, which form tiny nodules on their roots
- what happens when a plant has root nodules
- atmospheric nitrogen is converted into fixed nitrogen compounds that the plants can use for growth
- what is rumen
- a special digestive organ (near the stomach) in which microorganisms carry out the digestive process (dairy cows, beef catte, sheep)
- food preservation is rougly ___________ industry
- $30 billion
- foods made with the aid of microogoranisms is rougly a ____________ industry
- $100 billion
- what is methane
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-natural gas
-product of bacterial action - how do microorganisms have the potential to provide us with an answer to our energy crisis
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-biomass
-biofuels
-chemical feedstocks - in 1664, robert hook discovered the _______ and viewed ______
- microscope, molds
- who was the first to see microbes in great detail?
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
- what did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek do in 1674
- viewed bacteria on his teeth
- what did Leeuwenhoek call the bacteria on his teeth
- "wee animalcules"
- what did louis pasteur prove
- that fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generatioin
- what did louis pasteur create
- the swan-necked flask
- what did the swan-necked flask do
- disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
- what did louis pasteur inspire
- the creation of sterilization methods to kill all bacteria and germs in canning and preservation of foods
- what did people in the early 1600s view disease as
- things passed from one diseased person to a healthy person
- what was disease that was spread called
- contagious
- what was the unknown thing that spread the disease called
- contagion
- what did Leeuwenhoek's work suggest
- that microbes were responsible
- what did Berkeley prove in 1846
- that a microorganism was the cause of the Irish potato famine
- what did Robert Koch develop in 1876
- the germ theory of disease while working with Bacillus anthracis, he proved this bacerium caused anthrax
- what did koch's work provide
- experimental basis for the isolation and culture of a number of other infectious agents
- what is a pure culture
- a group of cells that have arisen via successive cell divisions from a single parent cell
- what is semisolid medium
- Koch developed a gelatin and nutrient mixture for growing microbes on
- what was agar developed from
- seaweed
- what was the gelatin and nutrient mixture that Koch developed
- agar
- what else is tuberculosis called
- consumption or phthisis
- what did Koch and Mycobacterium tuberculosis succeed in
- isolating it and testing it to be a contagion
- Kosh developed staining procedures for
- microscopic examination
- what was the microscopic examination of
- the tissues for the presece of bacteria
- what were the challenges of working with M. tuberculosis
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-10days to 2weeks of incubation to grow
-difficult to stain for microscope, stain needed to be made with more alkaline wth KOH and then flash heated adhere to the microbe - what is Koch's 1st postulate
- The organism must always be found in animals suffering from the disease and must not be present in healthy individuals
- What is Koch's 2nd postulate
- the organism must be cultivatd in pure culture away from the animal body
- what is Koch'3 3rd postulate
- such a culture, when inoculated into suspectable animals, must initiate the characterisitc disease symptoms
- what is Koch's 4th postulate
- The organism must be reisolated from these experimental animals and cultured again in the laboratory, after which it must still be the same as the original organism