Biology Midterms 07
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- scientific method steps
-
identify problem
research problem
form hypothesis
test hypothesis
observe and record data
state conclusion - educated guess
- hypothesis
- hypothesis well tested and supported by a range of observations
- theory
- using one of the senses to gather information
- observation
- things that remain unchanged in a situation
- control
- polar molecule
- uneven distribution of electrons
- nonpolar molecule
- even distribution of electrons
- Why do oil and water not mix?
-
oil is nonpolar and hydrophobic
water is polar - attraction between molecules of the same substance
- cohesion
- attraction between molecules of different substances
- adhesion
- prevents surface of water from stretching or breaking
- surface tension
- active site is altered slightly so substrate can fit more snugly
- induced fit model of an enzyme
- where the substrate binds
- active site
- molecules that bind to the active site
- substrate
- unravels, loses shape and is no longer functional
- denatures
- characteristics of life
-
cells
reproduce
metabolism
heredity
homeostasis
respond
evolution - purpose of a microscope
- to examine materials usually invisible to the naked eye
- nucleus- where and function
-
center of cell
holds DNA - prokaryotic cell
- no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, mainly bacteria
- eukaryotic cell
- nucleus, membrane bound organelles, mainly plants and animals
- animal cell
-
many small vacuoles
only cell membrane
no chloroplasts
must consume food
have centrioles - plant cell
-
1-3 large vacuoles
cell membrane and cell wall
chloroplasts
make own food
lack centrioles - cell specialization
- cells perform only certain tasks
- cell membrane composition
-
phospholipid bilayer
proteins- carrier, channel, signalling - cell membrane function
- to allow certain molecules to enter and exit the cell
-
embedded in cell membrane
have a pore for material to cross - channel proteins
- can change shape to transport materials from one side of the cell membrane to the other
- carrier proteins
- has specific shape to bond with certain molecules (hormones) which cause a chemical reaction within the cell
- receptor protein
- movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration
- osmosis
- movement of small molecules from high to low concentration
- diffusion
- material being dissolved
- solute
- material doing the dissolving
- solvent
- the state when the concentration of molecules is the same all through a given space
- equilibrium
-
water leaves the cell and cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall
result of being hypertonic - plasmolysis
- membrane sac
- vesicle
- cell takes in material from the outside and forms a vesicle around the material
- endocytosis
- the taking in or movement of solids or fluids
- pinocytosis
- the movement of very large particles or whole cells
- phagocytosis
- cell releases materials outside the cell by joining a vesicle to the membrane and opening up, releasing the contents
- exocytosis
- ATP- what is it, how does it release energy?
-
energy releasing molecule
releases energy when 3rd phosphorous bond is broken - limit to cell size- why?
-
cell membrane can only get to a certain size
will then either lyse or divide - moves nutrients from one cell to another in a plant
- phloem
- moves water from roots to upper branches in a plant
- xylem
- purpose of light dependent reaction
- to produce ATP and NADPH
- purpose of Calvin cycle
- to turn H20 and CO2 into glucose
- splitting of water
- photolysis
- affects rate of photosynthesis?
-
light intensity
CO2 concentration
temperature - location of photosynthesis
- chloroplasts
- requires oxygen
- aerobic
- does not require oxygen
- anaerobic
- location of cellular respiration
- cytoplasm and mitochondria
- requirement of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- pyruvic acid
-
organisms that make their own food
need CO2 to survive
plants and some bacteria - autotrophs
-
organisms that must consume food
need O2 to survive
animals - heterotrophs
- chromosones containing DNA and protein
- chromatid
- DNA tightly coiled around proteins
- chromatin
- proteins around which DNA is coiled
- histones
- held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
- guanine and cytosine
- held together by 2 hydrogen bonds
- adenine and thymine
-
made of 5 carbon sugar (ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
monomer of DNA - nucleotide
- nitrogen-containing
- nitrogenous
- nitrogenous base containing one ring
- pyridine
- nitrogenous base containing two rings
- purine
- shape of DNA
- double helix
- DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- causes protein to code differently because different bases are inserted into the DNA
- mutation
- steps of DNA replication
-
DNA unzips
nucleotides attach to their complement
results in two identical strands of DNA - breaks hydrogen bonds betweeen complementary base pairs
- helicase
- attaches complimentary base pairs
- DNA polymerase
- origins for replication
- replication forks
-
used in transcription of RNA
single-stranded
contains genetic code - messenger RNA
-
used in translation of RNA
blob shaped - ribosomal RNA
-
carries amino acids
pin shaped - transfer RNA
-
ribonucleic acid
synthesis of proteins - RNA
- steps of transcription
-
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and seperates the DNA strands
RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA all come together
- initiation- step one of translation
- tRNAs add their amino acids, codon by codon
- elongation- step two of translation
- stop codon is recognized and complete protein is released
- termination- step three of translation
- concentratrion of water is higher inside the cell
- hypotonic
- concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell
- hypertonic
- concentration of water and solutes are equal both inside and outside the cell
- isotonic
- function of carbohydrates
- immediate source of energy to the cells
- function of lipids
-
cell membranes
cell messengers
insulation
long term energy storage - function of proteins
-
chemical reactions
defense
motion
signals
support
transport - function of nucleic acids
-
stores and transfers genetic information to make proteins
protein synthesis - whiplike structure used in cell movement (on sperm)
- flagella
- short hairlike structure used in cell movement (in throat)
- cilia
- projection of cytoplasm and following of cell, used in cell movement (pseudopod)
- amoeboid