Biology Final Unit 3
Terms
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- A limiting nutrient
- a nutrient that is limited or rare in an ecosystem. this “limit†causes cellular growth which makes the cells evolutionarily different
- Primary productivity of a community
- the amount of biomass produced through photosynthesis per unit area and time by plants: the primary productivity
- Denitrifying bacteria
- microorganisms whose actions results in the conversion of nitrates in soil into atmosphere nitrogen
- Nitrogen fixing
- the process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes
- Microscope
- magnifies small objects not visible to the naked eye
- Coarse focus
- used to locate an object at the lowest level of magnification
- Fine focus
- used to focus in on am object so that you can see it clearly
- Diaphragm
- controls the amount of light shown onto the slide
- High power objective
- used to focus in on an object really close
- Low power objective
- used to focus broadly on an object
- Power of magnification
- the power of the objective lens multiplied by the power of the eypiece
- Eye piece
- the part of the microscope that you look through and that leads to the objective lenses
- Hierarchy of life
- atom→molecule→organelle→cell→tissue→organ→organ system→organism→population→community→ecosystem→biome→biosphere
- Characteristics of life
- ability to: reproduce; evolve; grow; respond to stimuli; retain and use energy; maintain a stable internal environment: based on a genetic code
- Cell Theory
- 1) All living things are composed of cells; 2) Cells are basic units of structure/function; 3) New cells are produced from existing cells.
- Prokaryotic cells
- first kind of cells; no nucleus; loop of DNA; some internal membranes(cytoplasm/ribosomes)
- Eukaryotic cells
- nucleus; DNA; structures and internal membranes(membrane bound organelles); DNA separate from rest of cell
- Unicellular
- one celled
- Multicellular
- many celled
- Endosymbiosis
- theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several difference prokaryotic organisms
- Animal cell
- has every organelle except cell wall and chloroplast and sometimes has vacuole when doing endocytosis
- Plant cell
- has every organelle
- Bacteria
- unicellular prokaryote
- Membrane bound organelle
- organelles that are bound by a membrane found only in eukaryotes
- Nucleus
- an organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and has codes for making proteins
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- where lipids proteins and other materials are assembled and exported from the cell
- Golgi apparatus
- modifies sorts and packages proteins (etc.) from the ER for storage/exportation
- Cytoskeleton
- a network of protein filaments that helps with movement and helps keep the cell’s structure/shape
- Mitochondria
- organelles that convert chemical energy into ATP
- Lysosome
- small organelle filled with enzymes that break down lipids/carbs/proteins/etc.
- Ribosome
- where proteins are assembled based on coded instructions
- Vacuole
- supports heavy structures and controls the water content and does homeostasis
- Cell wall
- outer-most layer in plant cells that provide support/protection for the cell
- Cell membrane
- semi-permeable membrane that supports/protects cell and regulates what enters/leaves cell
- Fluid mosaic membrane
- composed of a phospholipids bilayer embedded with proteins
- Phospholipid bilayer
- two layered arrangement of lipids and phosphates that make up a cell membrane; heads are hydrophilic; tails are hydrophobic
- Hydrophylic
- attracted to water
- Hydrophobic
- drawn away from water