Chapter 12: Chlamydia, Rickettsia and Friends
Terms
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- What 2 bugs are energy- and intra-cellular parasites?
- chlamydia and rickettsia
- How do chlamydia and rickettsia absorb ATP?
- ATP/ADP translocator
- What cells does chlamydia like to inhabit?
- columnar epithelial cells of mucous membranes (conjunctivitis, cervicitis, pneumonia)
- What are the 2 forms of the chlamydia life cycle?
- 1.elementary body; 2. initial (reticulate) body
- Which can make its own eneRgy (ATP)?
- Rickettsia
- How do chlamydia and rickettsia spread?
- C: person to person Contact; R: aRthropod vectoR
- What are the 3 species of Chlamydia?
- C. trachomatis (eyes, genitals, lungs); C. psittaci (lungs); C. pneumonia (lungs)
- What is the treatment for Chlamydia?
- tetracycline (doxycycline) or erythromycin
- What is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world?
- trachoma (eye traction): caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serotypes A,B,C); in the U.S., native Americans are most affected and the main reservoir is the kid population
- Why are babies given erythromycin eye drops?
- inclusion conjunctivitis
- What does C. trachomatis (serotypes D-K) cause?
- 1. inclusion conjuctivitis; 2. infant pneumonia; 3. cervicitis; 4. non-gonococcal urethritis in men
- What are the 2 predominant causes of NGU (non-gonococcal urethritis)?
- C. trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum
- Do NGU and gonococcal urethritis occur together?
- YES!
- What structures does Chlamydia lack?
- peptidoglycan layer + muramic acid
- What is a typical treatment for urethritis of unknown origin?
- 1. ceftriaxone (Neisseria gonorrhea); 2. 7-day oral doxycycline or 1-day azithromycin (C. trachomatis or U. urealyticum)
- What is PID and what causes it?
- pelvic inflammatory disease in women caused by N. gonorrhea or C. trachomatis
- How do you treat PID?
- ceftriaxone and 14 days of doxycycline
- What are some sequelae of PID?
- 1. infertility; 2. tubal (ectopic) pregnancy; 3. chronic pelvic pain
- What is Reiter's syndrome?
- inflammatory arthRITIS of large joints, usually in young men 20-40 years old; often caused by Chlamydia
- What is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?
- infection of liver capsule with upper R quadrant pain; associated with Chlamydial or Gonococcal infections
- What does C. trachomatis (serotypes L1, L2, L3) cause?
- LGV: lymphogranuloma venerum; starts with painless papule on genitals, heals, then bacteria move to regional lymph nodes
- What is psittacosis?
- atypical pneumonia caused by C.psittaci, usually contracted from birds
- What are the causes of atypical pneumonias?
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae, C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae
- What is Chlamydia pneumonia TWAR?
- recently discovered species of chlamydia which causes atypical pneumonia; TWAR=TaiWan and Acute Respiratory
- What test is used to confirm Rickettsiae diagnosis?
- Weil-Felix test: look at the OX-2, OX-19, OX-K antigens which are also found on the Proteus vulgaris
- What are 3 other tests besides the Weil-Felix test to confirm Rickettsiae?
- 1. IFA (immunofluorescence test); 2. CF (complement fixation test); 3. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay)
- Why is rickettsiae a "traveler"?
- 1. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rides a tick); 2. epidemic typhus (a louse); endemic typhus (a flea)
- What is the Rickettsiae vector?
- aRthropod vectoR
- Wher to Rickettsiae and Chlamydia replicate in the cell?
- R: cytoplasma; C: endosomes
- What host cells do Rickettsiae prefer?
- endothelial cells
- What diseases do Rickettsiae cause?
- rashes, high fevers, bad headaches
- What is the Rickettsiae TAXI?
- T: gram -, non-motile, rod to coccoid shaped bacteria; A: intracellular parasite, traveler, arthropod vector, likes endothelial cells; X: rashes, high fever, bad headaches (Rocky Mtn Spotted fever, Rickettsial pox, epidemic typhus, endemic typhus, Tsutsumaguchi fever; I: doxycycline, chloramphenicol
- What is Rocky Mtn spotted fever?
- caused by R. rickettsii; signs/symptoms: fever, conjunctival redness, severe headache, rash that moves from writsts, ankles, soles, palms to trunk; southeast U.S.; attack endothelial lining of small blood vessels, capillaries causing small hemorrhage & thrombi
- What is rickettsial pox?
- caused by R. akari; transmitted by mites on mice; self-limited, mild disease
- What is epidemic typhus?
- caused by R. prowasekii; carried by lice in crowded, dirty conditions; flying squirrels are reservoirs in the US; fever, headache, pink macules on upper trunk, risk of clotting and gangrene
- What is Brill-Zinsser disease?
- caused by latent R. Prowasekii left over from epidemic typhus not treated with antibiotics
- What is endemic typhus?
- R. typhi; carried by flea and rodents are reservoir; less serious than epidemic typhus
- What is scrub typhus?
- aka Tsutsumagushi fever caused by R. tsutsumagushi; spread by larvae of mites (chiggers); mites live on rodents; high fever, headache, scab at the bite site; flat or bumpy rash
- What is Bartonella quintana and what does it cause?
- formerly Rochalimea, causes Trench fever; Bartonella quintana stands fro the 5 day interval between relapses
- What 2 diseases are associated with war, filth, lice?
- epidemic typhus and Trench fever
- What is Bartonella henselae?
- causes cat-scratch fever and Bacillary angiomatosis
- What is Q fever?
- caused by Coxiella burnetti which has an endospore form; soaking sweats, abrupt onset of fever, pneumonia; only rickettsial disease causing pneumonia and NO rash
- How is Coxiella burnetti different from other Rickettsia?
- endospore form; resist heat & drying; extracellular existence; non-arthropod transmission (ticks and cattle); mild pneumonia due to inhaled spores
- What is Ehrlichiea chaffeensis?
- close relative of Ehrlichia canis, the disease transmitted between dogs with ticks; similar to Rocky Mountain spotted fever, but only 20% get rash