Immunology 2/13
Terms
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- the result of uncontrolled cell growth and/or aborted differntiation
- cancer
- two processes that can cause cell growth
-
oncogene activation
altered gene expression - what do chromosomes code for
- proteins
- how does oncogene activation occur?
- through the process of translocation
- chronic myeloid leukemia is an example of what time of cell growth?
- oncogene activation
-
C-22 (growth of myeloid cells)and C-9 (coding cell proliferation with tyrosine kinase) are next to each other and jointly expressed
this is an example of what - oncogene activation
- The disease where myeloid cells grow but don't differentiate therefore not fully functional and get infected
- Chronic myeloid leukemia
- chronic myeloid leukemia can cause...
- anemia
- less expression of genes that normally grow
- oncogene activation
- apoptosis, overexpressed gene
- altered gene expression
- protein that codes for breast cancer
- p53
- normal body cells gone bad
- tumor
- tumor cells express antigens on tumor surface for the purpose of
- attracting substrates for growth or signal transduction
- how the immune system identifies tumors
- tumor cell antigens
- tumor antigens that are detected by the humoral system have...
- specific epitopes that interact with the antibodies
- the cellular immune system recognizes what on tumors
- processed peptides and/or sugar molecules
- CD4 lymphocytes respond to small peptides bound to
- MHC class II
- CD8 responds to peptides bound to
- MHC class I
- What drug for breast cancer inh. estrogen?
- Tamoxifen and Raloxifen
- What type of drug is used for prostate cancer?
- Anti-androgens
- 3 ways tumor antigens were initially used
-
tumor detection
monitoring therapy
identifying relapse - CEA
- tumor antigen for GI
- CA-125
- tumor antigen for ovarian cancer
- CA 15-3
- tumor antigen for breast cancer
- CA 19-9
- tumor angtigen for pancreatic cancer
- PSA
- tumor antigen for prostate cancer
- What type of cancer can we palpitate
- breast
- If you find a tumor antigen is that good proof that you have cancer?
- no
- Only helpful antigen=
- PSA
- Only tumor antigen used for screening
- PSA
-
2 ways to check for prostate cancer
(30-40% accurate) -
Digital rectal exam (finger feels only back side of prostate)
PSA (may be false neg. since PSA will also be high with benign) - Two types of breast cancer
-
ER+ (use Tamoxifen and Roloxifen)
ER- (more serious, drugs won't work, use chemo) - 3 approaches for removing cancer
-
Surgeon's approach (cut)
Kill cancer cells
Radiation (burn) - Probelem with cutting cancer out of body
- won't work on all types of cancer (prostate, brain, head and neck)
- basis of chemotherapy
- tumor cells need more nutrients since they are growing faster
- 4 processes of chemo
-
Destroying DNA
anti-metabolite (prevent nucleic acid)
chelating agents (hold splitting cells together)
cell level (don't allow transfer from mother to daughter cell by clogging tubules or preventing them from dissolving) - Drawback of chemo
-
Other fast growing normal cells also die
GI (N/V, mouth sores)
hair falls out
BM (anemia, low platelet count) - When is radiation used?
- If tumor is in an unreachable location
- What is radiation?
- Burning of tumor by multiple beams of small radiation
- Where is radiation used?
- brain
- Where isn't radiation used?
- liver, lungs, pelvis (causes sterilization)
- How we diagnose cancer
- biopsy
- Two classes of current immunotherapy strategies
- Active and Passive
- What is active immunotherapy?
- stimulates immune reaction that will kill or slow down tumor
- What is passive immunotherapy?
-
equips body to fight tumor by making antibody to antigen from biopsy
- May add chemo or radiation to Ab - another name for passive immunity
- adoptive immunity