Micro 1
Terms
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- Suggests that diseases are caused by “invisible†organisms
- Fracastoro
- _____Uses simple microscopes to see “animalcules†(little animals)in a variety of natural environments
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- First direct observation of microbes
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
-
_____Observes that maggots arise “spontaneously†on uncovered meat, but do not arise if meat covered with cloth (stops contact by flies)
And Concludes_______ -
Redi
Concludes that spont. gen. is not true for higher life forms -
__boils corn extract “broth†→ pours into flask → covers flask ⇒ animalcules appear in broth after a few days
And Concludes _____ -
Needham
concludes that animalcules arise spontaneously from broth - ____boils corn extract inside a sealed flask ⇒ no animalcules
- Spallanzani
-
____ does the “swan-neck†flask experiment
And disproves ____ -
Pasteur
spont. generation - In __ Microbiology changes from an observational science to an experimental science (the “___ Age†of Microbiology)
-
1800’s
Golden Age - ___ observed that previous infection by cowpox prevents later infection by smallpox
- Jenner
- ___ observed some diseases (eg. Cholera) are transmitted by polluted water
- Snow
-
Pasteur observed:
-
-
- -
- yeast converts sugar to alcohol
- mild heating of foods (pasteurization) delays spoilage
- microbes cause disease vs. being a result of disease (“Germ Theoryâ€) - ___observes keeping microbes out of surgical wounds reduced the rate of post-surgical infections
- Lister
- ____reproduced disease by injecting healthy cows with anthrax microbe
- Koch
- _____proof of the Germ Theory (ie. a microbe can cause disease)
- Koch
- ____'s Binomial System
- Linnaeus
-
The Gram Stain:
____=primary stain
Iodine=____
____= “decolorizerâ€
____ = “counterstain†-
Crystal Violet (CV)
combines with CV & allows it to bind better (no color change occurs)
Alcohol
Safranin - Acid - Fast Stain (“___†stain): 1. Add __ (red primary stain) to smear 2. Apply heat 3. De-colorize with ___ 4. Counterstain with ___
-
Ziehl-Neelsen⬝ stain
Carbol Fuchsin
acidic alcohol
methylene blue -
Acid-fast⬝ bacteria (will/ won't) de-colorize
Non acid-fast bacteria (will/ won't) de-colorize
___are acid-fast(most other bacteria are not) -
won't(retain primary stain & stay red)
will(lose primary stain & counterstain blue
Mycobacteria -
Required or Optional Function
(nutrients, wastes)
- Communicate with other bacteria
- Replicate genetic information and pass on to next generation
- Evolve -
Opt
Req
Req -
Required or Optional Function
- Store nutrients for later use
- Enclose internal contents and separate from environment
specific molecules
- Create structures specialized for survival (spores)
- Biosynthesis of cellular componen -
Opt
Req
Opt
Req -
Required or Optional Function
- Movement
- Allow entry and exit of specific molecules
- Attachment to other cells
or surfaces
- Exchange genetic information with other bacteria -
Opt
Req
Opt
Opt