Anat & Phys: Ch.2 -Chemical Basis of Life
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is Matter?
- Anything that takes up space and has weight (mass)
- What is an element?
-
-unique substance
-building blocks of matter -cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods -
How many elements exist
name some -
114 known
92- natrually occuring
Iron, copper, silver, gold, aluminum, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - Which 4 elements make up 96% of the human body?
-
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
C.O.H.N - Bulk Elements or Major Elements
-
-Body requires in large amounts
-In addition to COHN, sulfur and phosphorus - Trace Elements
-
-Required by the body in small amounts.
-Often important parts of enzymes
-some are toxic in lg. amounts - What are elements made of?
- Atoms
-
What is an atom?
What is it made of? -
-make up elements
-smallest particle that still has the element's properties
-chemically identical, differ in size, weight, interaction - Compound
- 2 or more atoms of different elments
- What is the atomic structure?
-
Nucleus
Electron Cloud
Nucleus= Protons (+)
Neutrons (no charge)
Electons (-) - Electrons
-
-move around the nucleus
-small / carry no weight
-carry a single - charge (e-) - Proton
-
large atomic particle
carries a + electrical charge - WHAT IS THE CHARGE OF A NUCLEUS?
- positive
- what is the charge of an atom?
- no charge
- what accounts for the charge of an atom
- The number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, thus electrically neutral
- Ion
- Particle that is electrically charged because it has lost or gained one or more electrons
- Molecule
- 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements in chemical combination
- Atomic Weight
-
-Number of Protons + Neutrons in an atom
-located on periodic table below the symbol for ea. element - Atomic Number
-
-Number of protons (or electons) in an atom
-On the periodic table above the symbol for each element - Name some subatomic particles:
- Atom, electron, proton, neutron
- What are the characteristics of a Stable Atom
-
-Outer shell is filled (contains the maximum amount of electrons it can hold)
-stable atoms are also INERT - Characteristics of an Unstable atom
-
-Outermost shell unfilled
-reveal their instability by being highly reactive - What is an Isotope?
-
isotopes of an element have the same number of protons & electrons, but different numbers of neutrons
-SAME atomic number, DIFF. atomic mass - How do like and unlike charges act?
-
Opposite charges attract
Like charges repel - Wha is the formula for determining the max number of electrons?
-
X=2n squared
n= energy level #
X= max # of electrons - Atoms combine to form________
- Molecules
- Radioisotopes
-
-Heavier isotopes tend to decompose to become stable
-This decay process is called radioactivity - Radioactive Decay
- involves the ejection of particles (alpha, beta) or electromagnetic energy (gamma rays) from the atoms nucleus and are damaging to living cells
- Alpha Emission
-
-Type of atomic radiation
-Ejection of particles from the nucleus
-can't easily penetrate matter
-has the least penetrating power - Gamma Rays
-
Form of Atomic Radiation produced by radioactive isotopes
-Has the most penetrating power - How are radioisotopes used in medicine?
-
-In minute amounts, to tag biological molecules so they can be traced through the body.
-Medical disgnosis and treatment
-Iodine- scan thyroid
-Cobalt- destroy cancers - What is a molecule
-
2 or more atoms of the same or different elements
-combine to form a distinctive particle
H+H=H2 - What types of events occur as a result of radioactive isotopes?
- Alpha, beta: the ejection of particles or electromagnetic enegry Gama rays fromt he atom's nucleus
- Ionic Bonding is also called
- Electron Transfer or Ionic or Ionization Reactions
- What is Ionic Bonding?
- When atoms w/ unfilled valence shells encounter each other., their unfilled valence shells make them undergo a chemical reaction (gain or loss of an electron)
-
True or False?
The atoms of most elements have valence shells that are unfilled? - True. They are unstable , ie unreactive.
- Cation
-
a positively charged ion
-attracted to its opposite charge: Cathode (-) - Anode
-
a negatively charged ion (Cl-)
Attracted to it's opposite, an anion (-) - Acid
-
-Love to lose
-tend to form H+
Any substance that yields (loses, gives up) Hydrogen (ie protons) in water - Bases
-
Love to gain
-Accept Hydrogen ions or protons
-ex: hydroxides ie sodium hydroxide
Tend to form (OH-) - Salt
- Compound that yields ions other than hydrogen
- Electrolytes
-
Acids, bases, salts
-Conduct electricity because of the presence of ions - strong acids have a pH of? and what are their characteristics?
-
0-5
Ionize completely, produce large amts. of H ions - Weak acids have a pH of? What re it's characteristics
-
5.1 -6.9
Ionize incompletely producing a small amt of H ions - Water pH?
-
7.0
Equal numbers of H and Hydroxl (OH) - pH of Bases
-
7.1-14
Accept hydrogen Ions(protons) in solution.
Often release OH (hydroxyl) in water - What is Synthesis? Example of Synthesis in the human body?
-
Synthesis: 2 or more atoms combine to form a larger, more complex molecule
A + B = AB
Example: growth / repair of tissues; fomation of protein by joining amino acids - Building blocks of an atom?
- Subatomic particles
- Basic units of a compound?
- Molecules
- pH scale measures
- concentration of Hydrogen ions in water
- a solution that produces equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is called
- Neutral (as in water)
- isotopes of an element have the same number of_____ and _____and different numbers of ________
-
protons and electrons
diff. no of neutrons
(or same atomic #, different atomic mass) - Atoms of the same element have the same numbers of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. True or false
- True
- Describe an organic compound
-
-has carbon
-compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding
-body ex: (CLPN)carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids - Inorganic compounds
-
Do not contain carbon (carbon-hydrogen bonding)
-water, salts, acids and bases - Hydrolysis
-
breakdown of a more complex molecule into its building blocks.
water is added, bond is broken, simpler molecules are formed. -
HCL--->H+ + CL-
acid, base or salt? -
acid
note the H+ -
NaCl--->Na+ + Cl-
acid, base or salt -
Salt
yields other than an acid or base -
MgOH2--->mg++ +2 OH-
acid, base or salt -
base
note OH- -
What elements comprise Carbohydrates?
What is a sample carbohydrate? -
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only
-include nucleic acids
-samples: mono, di & polysaccharides
-Function: Provide energy / cell structure
-water soluble
Many carry hydrogen and oxygen in the same ration in water 2:1
C12 H22 O11 and C5 H10 O5 - Name three types of carbohydrates
-
Monosaccharides (end in ose)
Dissacharides
Polysaccharides - Lipids
-
Contain same elements as carbohydrates: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. But lower amts. of Oxygen
-insoluble in water
-Most common lipids: FATS
-Include: Fats, phospholipids and steroids - What are the types of chemical reactions
-
Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange - Exchange
-
Involves both synthesis and decomposition.
A switch is made b/w molecule parts
AB + CD----> AD + CB - What are samples of organic compounds in the body?
-
CLPN
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids - What are samples of inorganic compounds in the body?
- Water, salts and many acids and bases
- What is an electrolyte? What are some examples in the body?
-
Substance that conduct electrical current in solution
Acids, bases and salts