MicroBIo Test 2
Terms
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- Prokaryotes
- Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classification includes bacteria and archaea.
- Eukaryotes
- Any organism made up of cells containing a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane. A clasification includes animals, plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.
- organelles
- Internal, membrane-bound strucutre found in eukaryotic cells that acts as a tiny organ to carry out one or more cell functions.
- glycocalyx
- Sticky external sheath of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- capsule
- Glycocalyx composed or repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached ot the cell surface.
- slime layer
- Loose, water-soluble glycocalyx.
- flagella (flagellum)
- A long, whiplike structure, composed of a basal body, hook, and filament, protruding from a cell.
- monotrichous
- Term used to describe a cell having a single flagellum.
- amphitrichous
- Term used to describe a cell having flagella at both ends.
- peritrichous
- Term used to describe a cell having flagella covering the cell surface.
- fimbriae
- Sticky, nonmotile, proteinaceous extensions of some bacterial cells that function to adhere cells to one antoher and to environmental surfaces.
- biofilms
- A slimy, organizzed system of bacteria on an environmental surface.
- pilius (pili)
- A long, hollow, nonmotile tube of protein that connects two bacterial cells and mediates the transfer of DNA also called conjugation pilus.
- conjugation pili
- Proteinaceous, rodlike structure extednign from the sruface of a cell; mediates conjucation.
- peptidoglycan
- Large, interconnected polysacharide composed of chains of two alternating sugars adn crossbridges of four amino acids. Main component of bacterial cell walls.
- periplasmic space
- In Gram-negative cells, the space between teh cell membrane and the othe outer membrane containing peptidoglycan and periplasm.
- cytoplasmic membrane
- Membrane found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and composed of a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins.
- phospholipid bilayer
- Bippolar structure of a cytoplasmic membrane.
- selectively permeable
- In cell physiology, characteristic of a membrane that allows some substance to cross while preventing the crossing of others.
- cytosol
- The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
- nucleoid
- Region of the prokaryotric cytoplasm containing the cell's chromosome(s).
- inclusions
- Deposited substance such as lipid, gas vesicle, or magnetite, stored within the cytosol of a prokaryote.
- ribosomes
- Nonmembranous organelle found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that is composed of protein and ribosomal RNA and functions to make proteins.
- cytoskeleton
- Internal network of fibers contributing to the basic shape of eukaryotic and rod-shaped prokaryotic cells.
- cilia
- Short, hairlike, rhythmically motile projections covering some eukaryotic cells.
- centrioles
- Nonmembbraneous organelles in animal cells which appear to function in the formation of flagella and cilia and in cell division.
- nucleus
- Spherical to ovoid membranous organelle containing a eukaryotic cell's genetic material.
- chromatin
- Thread-like mass of DNA and associated histone proteins that becomes visible during mitosis as chromosomes.
- nuclear envelope
- Double membrane composed of phospholipid bylayers surrounding a cell nucleus.
- nuclear pores
- Spaces in the nuclear envelope that function to control the transport of substance through it.
- endoplasmic reticulum
- Netlike arrangement of hollow tubules continuous with the otuer membrane of the nuclear envelope and functioning as a transport system.
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Type of endopladsmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and plays a role in lipid synthesis and transport.
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Type of endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes adhering to its outer surface which produce proteins for transport throughout the cell.
- golgi body
- In eukaryotic cells, a series of flattened, hollow sacs surrounded by phospholipid bilayers and functioning to package large molecules for export in secretory vesicles.
- vesicle
- General term for membranous sac thta stores or carries a substance in a cell; in human pathology, any raised skin lesion filled with clear fluid.
- vacuole
- General term for membranous sac that stores or carries a substance in a cell.
- lysosomes
- Vesicle in animal cells that contains digestive enzymes.
- peroxisomes
- Vesicle found in all eukaryotic cells that degrades poisonous metabolic wastes.
- mitochondria
- Spherical to elongated structures found in most eukaryotic cells taht produces most of the ATP in the cell.
- chloroplasts
- Light-harvesting organelle found in photosynethic eukaryotes.
- endosymbiotic theory
- Theory proposing that eukaryotes formed from the phagocytosis of small aerobic prokaryotes by larger anaerobic prokaryotes.