Comp Review - Heme
Terms
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What kind of cell is this? - Basophil - lg, dk, purple-blue granules. Cytoplasm is pale blue but often obscured by granules
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What kind of cell is this? - eosinophil - pink or reddish orange granules
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What kind of cell is this? - erythrocyte
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What kind of cell is this? - lymphocyte - agranulocyte, round nucleus w/ sm amt of cytoplasm
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What kind of cell is this? - monocyte - agranulocyte, largest WBC, vacuoles in the lt blue/grey cytoplasm
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What kind of cell is this? - neutrophil - most common WBC, rose/violet granules, lobed or segmented nucleus
- What are the two types of WBCs called?
- Granulocytes, agranulocytes
- Name the three types of WBC granulocytes
- Neutrophils, eosiniphils, and basophils
- Name the two types of WBC agranulocytes
- lymphocytes and monocytes
- What are some general functions of WBCs?
- control inflammation and bacterial infection, provide immunity, help clot blood,destroy clots, and prevent unwanted clots
- What is the most common type of WBC?
- Neutrophils
- What WBC forms the first line if defense against microbial infections?
- Neuts
- What WBC granulocyte w/ pink staining granules fights allergic reactions by releasing anti-histamines?
- Eosinophils
- What WBC granulocyte is very rare and releases histamine-heparin which induces inflammation and prevents clotting?
- Basophils
- What WBC agranulocyte is the largest WBC and has vaculoes in its cytoplasm?
- Monocyte
- Which WBS agranulocyte has a round nucleus, a sm amt of cytoplasm and comes in two types - B and T cells?
- Lymphocyte
- What is the scientific name for RBCs?
- Erythrocytes
- What are three terms for RBC size description?
- Normocytic, macrocytic, and microcytic
- What does anisocytic mean?
- Increased variance in RBC size
- Feline RBCs should have no ____.
- central pallor
- What does the term polychromasia mean?
- RBCs w/ a bluish tint - indicative of young cells
- What is the scientific name for platelets?
- Thromobcytes
- What is the main function of thromobcytes?
- clotting
- What is the function of RBCc?
- O2 xport and co2 excretion
- What is the liquid and cellular portions of blood together called?
- Whole blood
- What is the liquid portion of whole blood called?
- Plasma
- What is the liquid portion of clotted blood called?
- Serum
- What does a hemolyzed sample look like? What causes this?
- pinkish - caused by traumatic veinipuncture, wet collection tube, freezing whole blood, needle too small, forcing blood through needle
- What info should be labeled onto the blood sample?
- Date,tech initials, pt name/id, time, chart #
- How soon after drawing a whole blood sample should it be used?
- 2-3 hours at room optimally
- Whzt kind of blood samples can be frozen? How long does it remain good for?
- Plasma and serum - about 6 weeks
- How long is a refrigerated plasma/serum sample good for?
- about a week
- ___of blood yields about 1 ml of plasma or serum
- 3 ml
- What does a lipemic sample of plasma/serum look like? Why
- Milky white - fat in the sample (often from animal not being fasted)
- What does an icteric plasma/serum sample look like?
- yellow to amber in color - bilirubin in sample
- Serum is collected in tubes w/ what color top?
- red - no anticoagulant as you want the sample to clot
- What is the most commonly used collection tube in vet med? What color?
- purple - EDTA
- What kind of tube is most commonly used for plasma collection? What color top?
- Heparin, green top
- How much blood can be safely removed from a patient?
- 10% of total blood volume
- How is the total blood volume of a patient calculated?
- 10% of total body weight in kgs = total blood volume
- What items are typically included in a CBC?
- WBC count, diffential, RBC morphology, platelet estimates, HCT/PCV, TPP
- Duplicate diffs can be averaged and reported only if :
- Neuts w/i 10 cells, lymphs w/i 8, monos w/i 6, eos w/i 5, and basos and bands w/i 2
- Platelet estimate formula
- Avg # of platelets in 10 oil power (100x) fields x 15,000 = est platelets/ul
- WBC estimate formula
- Avg of 10 hpf (40x) fields x 2000 = est WBC/ul
- WBC 4 sq formula & rules (1:20 dilution)
- Count the 4 sq under 10x, Avg # of WBC x 50 = WBC/ul - ea sq must be w/i 10 cells & ea side w/i 20, results must end in 00 or 50
- WBC 9 sq formula (1:100 dilution)
- Avg # of WBC x 110 = WBC/ul - ea side w/i 20, results must end in 00 or 50
- PCV/CTs are run in duplicate and must be w/i ___% to be reprotable
- 2%
- RBC count formula
- Avg # of RBCs on 5 squares (4 corners and center) under 40x, x 10,000 = rbc/ul
- In orderto be reportable, WBCs & RBCs must be w/i ___% of the ___ count
- 10% of the lower count
- What is leukocytosis?
- increased total WBC count
- What is leukocytopenia?
- decreased total WBC count
- What is a left shift?
- More than 5% of neuts are band cellsor younger
- What is a right shift?
- More than 5% of neuts are hypersegmented
- What is neutrophilia? Causes?
- Increase in # of neuts - muscular activity, emotional stimuli, bacterial infections
- What is neutropenia? Causes?
- Decrease in # of neuts - viral infections, SEVERE bacterial infections
- What is eosinophilia? Causes?
- increase in # of eos - parasitism, allergies
- What is eosinopenia?
- decrease in # of Eos - RARE, normal count can be 0
- What is basophilia? Causes?
- increase in # of basos - hyperthyroidism, heartworm
- What is lymphocytosis? Causes?
- increase in # of lymphocytes - adrenaline, certain cancers, young animals
- What is lymphocytopenia? Causes?
- decrease in # of lymphs - chronic infections, radiation exposure
- What is monocytosis? Causes?
- increase in # of monos - chronic inflammatory dzs, obstructions
- What is anemia? Causes?
- Decreased # of RBCs - blood loss, hemorrhage, and parasites
- What is polycythemia?
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increased # of RBCs - usually relative increases due to decreased plasma
**opposite of anemia** - What is thromocytosis? Causes?
- increase # of platelets - injury, steroids, post-splenectomy
- What is thrombocytopenia? Causes?
- decreased # of platelets - hormone tx
- What is poikilocytosis?
- increased variation in SHAPE of RBCs
- What are spherocytes? Hallmark for?
- RBCs that are not biconcave, they are round and lack central pallor. Hallmark cell for Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia - AIHA
- What are leptocytes? Associated with?
- Target cells - look like a bullseye due to membrane defect - associated with chronic liver dz
- What are schistocytes? Associated with?
- Fragmented RBCs - associated with severe burn cases, and IDA
- What are echinocytes? Caused by?
- spiky, shrunken RBCs - preparation artifact
- What are acanthocytes? Associated with?
- Spiky RBCs - NOT not tech error, serious pathological condition associated w/ hepatic lipidosis and liver dz
- What is a Howell-jolly body? Associated with?
- sm portion of a nucleus that has been retained in a cell - associated w/ splenectomy
- What is a Heinz body? Associated with?
- inclusion of denatured precipitated hemoglobin, hang wout toward the edge of the cell - associated w/ Tylenol, onion and propylene glycol toxicity
- What is roleaux?
- chained or rolled coin appearance of RBCs
- What is agglutination?
- RBCs irregulary clumped together
- What is the formulafor a corrected WBC count?
- actual WBC count x 100 divided by 100 + # of NRBc
- What is the normal range of RBCs for dogs im millions/ul? Average?
- 5.5-8.5, 6.8 avg
- What is the normal range of RBCs for cats in millions/ul? Average?
- 5.5-10.0, avg 7.5
- What is the normal PCV% range for dogs? Average?
- 37-55, 45.5% avg
- What is the normal PCV% range for cats? Avg?
- 24-45, 37% avg
- What is the normal Hemoglobin range (g/dl) for dogs? Avg?
- 12-18, 14.9 avg
- What is the normal Hemoglobin range for cats? Avg?
- 8-14, 12 avg
- What is the normal WBC/ul for dogs? Avg?
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6,000-18,000
11,000 avg - What is the normal WBC/ul range for cats? Avg?
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5,500-19,500
12,500 avg - What is the normal platelet range (n x 100,000/ul) for dogs? Avg?
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2-5
3.4 avg - What is the normal platelet range (n x 100,000/ul) for cats? Avg?
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3-8
4.5 avg - What is the normal TP range in g/dl for dogs?
- 4.9-9.0
- What is the normal TP range in g/dl for cats?
- 6.2-9.0