Host Defenses Quiz #1
Terms
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- MHC I
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Present INTRACELLULAR antigens
To CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
Via CD8
Found in all cells. - MHC II
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Present EXTRACELLULAR antigens
To HELPER T-CELLS
Via CD4
Found only in Macrophages (TH1) and B-Cells (TH2) - IgE
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Mast Cells vs Parasites.
Also Allergies - IgG
- Opsonization
- IgM
- First antibody secreted
- Classical Complement Pathway
- Antibody mediated
- Lectin Complement Pathway
- Mannose Binding Lectin Mediated
- Alternative Complement Pathway
- Environmental Conditions
- Functions of Complement
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Recruit
Cover
Kill - Activators of Classical Complement Pathway
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IgM -- Most efficient. Conformation shift prevents binding to free-floating Ig
IgG -- 2+ molecules in close proximity. - C1q Binds...
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C1r cleaves Cls
C1s cleaves C4
C4b binds to cell surface
C1s cleaves C2
C2b binds to C4b
C4b2b cleaves C3
C3b binds to surface
Factor B binds to C3b
Factor D cleaves Factor B
C3bBb complex acts as C3 Convertase (like C4b2b) - CR1
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Binds to C3b & C4b.
Located primarily on Erythrocytes (cleaned via liver/spleen)
Also on Podocytes (excess antibody can hurt kidney) - Membrane Attack Complex
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C4b2b3b Cleaves C5
or C3b3bBb Cleaves C5
C6 binds to C5b
C7 binds to C5b6 & attaches
C8 binds to C5b67 & inserts
C9 binds to C5b678 & polymerizes - Anaphylatoxins
- C5a, C3a, C4a --> Mast cells release histamine
- C1INH
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Binds to & inactivates C1r & C1s
Defective C1INH gene leads to Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema - C4BP
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Competes with C2b for C4b binding site.
Factor I then cleaves & inactivates C4b - Factor H
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Binds to C3b
Factor I then cleaves C3b -> iC3b - Human Cell Surface Proteins
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DAF (binds to C3bBb & inactivates)
MCP (binds to C3bBb & inactivates)
CD59 (binds to C5b,6,7,8 complex to keep C9 from binding) - TLR
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Toll-Like Receptors
Recognize microbial molecular patterns
Initiate NFkB cascade via IRAK - NFkB
- Directs transcription of genes for Inflammatory Cytokines
- Pyogenic Bacteria
- Pus forming
- Il-1 / Il-6 / TNF - alpha
- systemic effects (fever)
- Fever benefits
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- bacterial replication
+ antigen processing
+ human cell resistance to TNF-alpha - IL-6
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causes liver to produce:
CRP (opsonization)
MBL (complement) - Interferon
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Signal viral infection
+MHC Class I expression & APC
Activate NK cells
+Resistance to Viral replication - Amyloid AL
- Multiple Myeloma B-Cell
- Amyloid AA
- Chronic Inflammation
- Lipofuscin Pigment
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Autophagic Vacuoles.
Sign of Reversible Cell Injury
Brown, dirty granules - 4 types of necrosis
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Coagulative -- heart, kidney
Liquifactive -- Abcess or infarct of soft tissue
Caseous -- Lung replaced with cheese
Enzymatic Fat -- Pancreatitis or injury to breast or buttocks - Signs of Reversible Cell Damage
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Low-Amplitude Swelling
Loss of PAS+ Glycogen
Cellular Swelling
RER Fragmentation
Fatty Change
Shape Change & Loss of Membrane Specializations
Autophagic Vacuoles (Lipofuscin Pigment) - Signs of Irreversible Cell Damage
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High-Amplitude Swelling
Lysosomal Rupture
Condensation of Nucleus
Formation of Phospholipid Whorls