HIST 106 Exam 2
Terms
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- Sixteenth Amendment
- income tax
- The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
- factory fire in manufacturing facility, 146 dead
- The Social Gospel
- 1870s: Churches preach further attention to city problems and poverty, called for more charity and assistance to the poor
- The Muckrackers
- Journalists who found and exposed the corruption in society without providing solutions
- Australian Ballot
- weakened the ability of landlords, businesses, and parties to pressure voters
- Seventeenth Amendments
- voters now directly elect senators instead of legislatures doing so
- Teddy Roosevelt
- see notes
- Conservation
- created national parks, forests, mineral lands, monuments, and wild-life refuges
- William Howard Taft
- republican from Ohio, beat out Bryan for pres. in 1908, pushed trust-busting, initiated the 16th Amendment
- New Nationalism
- called for by Teddy Roosevelt, extended power of government over the corporations
- The Bull Moose Party
- Progressive party formed by Teddy Roosevelt due to split in the Republican party
- Woodrow Wilson
- see notes
- The New Freedom
- Wilson wanted to increase commercial freedom and competition by breaking up trusts in favor of small business
- Federal Trade Commission
- advanced the New Freedom by increasing governmental power to break up trusts
- William H. Seward
- Secretary of State who annexed Alaska in 1867
- Seward's Folly
- Americans were skeptical of William Seward's purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million (2 cents an acre) in 1867
- Pan American Union
- created during the First International American Conference in 1889 by James Blaine in hopes to create a customs/trade union with Latin America
- Imperialism
- see notes
- Social Darwinism
- theory that argued that US had right to stomp inferior people and take their possessions at will
- Alfred Thayer Mahan
- believed naval power was the greatest power, and in the age of steam, meant that you needed colonies for refueling, repair, etc.
- Yellow Press
- cheap newspapers that focused on scandal, oddities, gossip, and screaming jingoism.(name 'yellow press' came from an early newspaper cartoons)
- Teller Amendment
- US declared war to liberate Cuba, declaring in this document that it had no intention of annexing Cuba
- Platt Amendment
- gave US control of foreign and economic policy in Cuba and the right to intervene military
- The Open Door
- European powers forced China to give trade concessions and privileges to them. US favored open trade with China but resisted Europeans trying to extort special privileges.
- Panama Canal
- under construction from 1904-1914, initiated by Teddy Roosevelt
- Roosevelt Corollary
- 1904, to the Monroe Doctrine, US assumed responsibility for policing the Western Hemisphere to prevent interventions from Europe
- Dollar Diplomacy
- Taft and Wilson protected US business interest abroad in Asia and the Caribbean. Substitute money power for bullets and force. Bullets and force ended up backing up the money.
- Henry Cabot Lodge
- US Ambassador that helped to organize a Madero by military chief, Victoriano Huerta
- Otto von Bismark
- Prime Minister of Germany (1970-1900), tried to build a system of alliances that would prevent large scale war in Europe impossible
- Franz Ferdinand
- Heir to Austro-Hungarian empire, assassinated during a tour of Bosnia-Herzegovina by a member of the Black Hand in June 1914
- Trench Warfare
- system of forts and trenches that developed after the first German offensive failed
- the Lusitania
- Germans sank this ship in May 1915 after warning civilians to stay off. 1198 civilians died.
- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
- Germany resumed submarine attacks after German civilians were dying due to blockades
- Zimmerman Telegram
- In March 1917, US sent telegram from Germany to Mexico asking for Mexican aid in the war. Promised them the lands the US had taken from them in the Mexican War.
- Espionage Act
- Provided heavy fines and up to 20 years in prison for 'obstructing the war effort' (could be interpreted very broadly)
- Selective Service Act of 1917
- issues by Wilson, drafted 3 million of 25 million available inductees into World war I
- General John "Blackjack" Pershing
- led the first few thousand men available into France in June 1917
- The Bolsheviks
- faction of Russian Communists that took over in the second revolution led by Lenin
- The Red Scare
- set off by a bomb scare in 1919, made the term "socialist" a poison pill in the US
- Oligopoly
- where a handful of companies control an industry instead of just one
- Warren G. Harding
- see notes
- Teapot Dome Scandal
- set up by Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall. Leased petroleum reserves on public lands set aside for conservation in return for cash, bonds, and cattle.
- Calvin Coolidge
- 1923-1928, did little after loss of his son, endorsed growth of big business and planned to leave them to make money
- The Jazz Age
- the maturation of cultural trends beginning in the 1910s, reflected Post-war 'return to normalcy' and the idea that 'the business of America is Business'
- Harlem Renaissance
- black culture flourished in cities, Harlem became cultural capital of northern black communities, poetry and music were the heart, the depression crushed it
- Hoovervilles
- shanty towns built by homeless men during the Great Depression
- Bonus Army
- march on Washington in 1932 where WWI veterans asked for their bonus pay that Congress pledged to give them in 1945
- Herbert Hoover
- former mining engineer, headed relief efforts during WWI, Secretary of Commerce under Harding and Coolidge, wanted to promote international free trade, won the election of 1928
- Speakeasies
- arose to supply tainted liquor in every city and major town
- Prohibition
- triumph of evangelicals and women, epic failure, drove drinking underground and gave it a forbidden allure
- National Origins Act of 1924
- restricted immigration quotas to 2% of the size of each national origin as measure in the 1890 census, trumpeted a goal of preserving 'racial purity'
- Boxing
- highly popular sport in the 20s and 30s, semi-integrated
- Marcus Garvey
- from Jamaica, one of the leaders of the Pan-Africanism (hoped to create a free state for blacks in Africa), created the Universal Negro Improvement Association, created newspaper THE NEGRO WORLD, created the Black Star Line, deported back to Jamaica
- A. Phillip Randolph
- writer for THE MESSENGER in Harlem, urged blacks to vote for socialists and to join unions, founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1925, helped organize March on Washington in 1963
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
- see notes
- Federal Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
- created by the Federal Bank Deposit Insurance Act, guaranteed all bank deposits up to $5000 and expanded the authority and membership of the Federal Reserve System
- Works Progress Administration
- created summer 1935, built roads and bridges, spread cultural projects, and generally tried to pump money into the economy to build it up
- Huey P. Long
- Governor of Louisiana, used oil taxes to fund social services, hoped to found a coalition of the poor, black and white alike, "Share our Wealth"
- Father Charles Coughlin
- The Radio Priest, supported FDR at first but then turned against him, began to focus o n anti-semitism
- Congress of Industrial Organizations
- fumblings of the American Federation of Labor led to the rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, focused on unskilled workers and unionizing entire industries, backed interracial unions