AP HISTORY MIDTERM
Terms
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- Chronology of writing styles
- (3000 BCE) pictographic, (2400 BCE) Early Cuneiform Representation, (650 BCE) Late Assyrian
- Homo Sapiens Sapiens characteristics in Paleolithic times
- Cave paintings, Devoloped new language, domesticated animals and plants, small settlements
- When did the use of iron occur?
- 1000 BCE in Egypt and Mesopotamia.12th century B.C.E. the ancient near east, India, and ancient Greece. 8th century B.C.E the Iron Age would set in Central Europe and until 6th Century B.C.E appeared in Northern Europe.
- Crete
- settlers began 6000 BCE, by 3000 villages, by 2000 largest palace, craftspeople. Conquered by Balkans and once by Mycenae.
- largest neolithic site from 7000-5000 BCE had natural resources used to make cutting tools
- Catal Hayuk
- Funan
- the present day Mekong delta region of South Vietnam/ Cambodia. As a result of Kaudinya (brahamin priest) Funan adopted Sanskrit as language of court encouraging Buddhism and Hinduism. Even as an independent state in the third century extended Indian culture even i nplaces like Champa.
- The Fall of the Roman empire
- Rome was already weakened because of the plague that wiped out 1/4 of the population, overextension, doubts over ideology, collapse of economy, and military conquest
- Rome and the Roman republic
- Rome- 753 BCE. Roman Republic- after 509 BCE when Etruscan kings were expelled
- Ven us Fegurine
- to show desire for human fertility
- Roman Empire
- at its greatest extent in the second century CE extending from Scotland to the Persian Gulf. Also known as an urban empire with Pax Romana between 27 BCE and 180 CE.
- Sumerian Trade
- carried merchandise by land, river, and sea in the world's first wheeled carts and sailboats
- Hominid
- Human or human like creature who stands upright, two-parent family, slow maturation, primate family
- How did the first humans set out to Americas
- Because they traveled during the Ice Age the water levels dropped forming the Bering Land Strip. The Bering Land Strip is now under water forming the Bering Strait and it served as a land bridge between Asia and the Americas connecting to Alaska
- Places of important homonid finds
- Northern Kenya, East Africa, Southeast Africa, West Asia, China, and Europe
- Scholarly knowledge of Greek city-states, Indus Valley, Nile Valley, and the Tigris Euphrates
- scholarly opinion divided wether these two sytems learned to build cities and states from the Mesopotamian example or invented them independently
- Australopithecus aphaeresis
- 3.2 million years ago
- Neanderthals
- 100,000-30,000 BCE
- What are different writing styles?
- pictographic writing and ideogram
- Chinese Empire- long lasting political and cultural practice
- Han, Buddhism, Confucianism. Mandate of Heaven- belief that ruler of strong morals had the force of nature. Empire founded; careers were opened to new men of talent; effective bureaucratic administration was established, absence of clear principles of imperial succession. Submission of women, concentration of wealth, hegemony, formal Chinese language, geopolitical unity.
- Early writing samples were concerned with
- commercial packages, names of owners, and lists of kings. Religious inscriptions, spells to protect the dead, autobiographies, stories, hymns, prayers, and mathematical records
- non-agricultural skills developed by early villages
- pottery, basket weaving, and hunting
- Schools of thought and influence in China in 211 BCE
- Daoism -> Written by Zhuang Zhoe, didn't influence government but public men like artists and natural scientists, Legalism-> Strict laws and enforcement, treatises by Han Feizi, Qin dynasty used it with law and order, reward and punishment; Confucianism->Focused on bringing peace, contentment, dignity, and personal cultural development. Government was run by "men of jen," or humanity, benevolence, virtue, and culture. Believed little of the supernatural. Feudal hierarchy, rituals, music, art, humanism, rationalism; essential goodness and educability of everyone.
- Greek City State
- Polis, which was a small local organized government based on a single centered city with enough land for agriculture, slow evolution during ninth century BCE, war with Persian empire
- Jericho
- Oldest sedentary agricultural village founded 8500 BCE and grew 10 acres by 7000 BCE
- Harappan Civilization
- another name for the indus valley civilization that arose along the indus river, possibly as early as 7000 BC; characterized by sophisticated city planning
- praetor
- Applied to consuls as leader of an army eventually became honorary appointment. First appointed as responsible for administration of justice and military command. After 242 CE another was appointed for law suits involving foregners. Later there was one to administer provinces.
- Summer and Temple priests after 2800 BCE
- men began to assume the position of heriditary kings and rule in conjunction with temple priests
- The Celts
- arrived in Central Europe about 2000 BCE and built fortified town called oppeda. Conquered by Romans fled to Ireland, Scotland, and Whales.
- Sumerians
- pioneered the world's largest revolution in Mesopotamia. Migrated and invented writing
- The first cities of the Americas- common characteristics
- agricultural communities, networks, elite ruling class, urban centers
- The Huns
- warrior nomads who built their own imperial confederacy in central europe and invaded europe in 270 CE from Europe/ Russia to Manchuria
- Who invented writing?
- Sumerians
- When did homonids first appear?
- 5 million years ago
- Luoyang
- Earliest capital of Shang dynasty. First Buddhist missionary of China located here
- tribune
- Officers elected by plebians to protect lives/property and right to veto legislative proposal of senate. Military Tribunes were senior officers elected by the people. Authority rose in fifth century but was lost under Agustus.
- Homhabilis
- Zing handy person used fire- 200,000 BCE
- Research by Defleur and White on Neanderthals
- they were canibals White- austropethicus Reamius
- Ancient Egypt location in relation to the Red Sea, Upper Egypt, Nubia and most pyramids
- West of the red sea,in the center of upper and Lower Egypt around the Nile, most pyramids were found either near the Nile or on the outskirts of ancient Egypt, expanded northward along Nile and traded with Nubia
- Indian Subcontinent different areas
- Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Present day India, Pakistan,
- China- Period of Division
- China was divided into Three Kingdoms (220-280), Sixteen Kingdoms (317-420) and Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589), Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907-960), Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) and Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), Warlord era (1916-1928)
- Fire and prehistoric men
- 200,000 BCE
- The myth of Shen Nung
- The Chinese inventor of agriculture
- Gilgamesh
- god, hero, and fifth king of Uruk
- Australopithecus ramidus
- skeleton found 4.4 million years ago pushing back date to half million years back
- Shang dynasty- centered in which region
- Centered on Yellow River and Manchuria, North China
- Ban Po
- one of the world's best preserved and oldest neolithic village located in Yanshao dating back to 6000 BCE
- The Struggle of Orders
- The political conflict between patricians (member of higher elite class) and plebians (not member of higher class lesser rights), marked more than half a century from 494 to 440 BCE. The Twelve Tables were an attempt to resolve. The plebians gained equality in 287 BCE.
- Empires
- a political organization that has a vast amount of land territory and a great number of people living under the authority of the emperor as a chief of state.First empires in Nile, Yellow River, Mesopotamia
- Rome
- Borrowed most of Greek culture including god like emperor. center of communication and trade for the Italian penninsula. situated on the Tiber river not far from the intersection of Italy's north-south mountain chains.
- 7 areas of primary urbanization
- On the Eastern Hemisphere- Huang He, Indus River Valley, Mesopotamia, Nile, Niger. On Western Hemisphere- along Gulf of Mexico and interior valleys of Mexico and Andes
- The Barbarians
- north sacked by Celts along Danube River. For the Romans and Greeks people who spoke foreign languages, were alien, and usually considered inferior.
- Chronolgy and Empires who conquered Egypt
- (525 BCE) Persia, (323 BCE) Alaxander the Great, (30 BCE) Rome, (641 BCE) Arabs. (3100-2575) Early Dynastic Period, (2575-2134) Old Kingdom, (2134-2040) First Intermediate Period, (2040-1640) Middle Kingdom, (1640-1532) Second Intermediate Pyramid, (1532-1070) New Kingdom
- Harappan Civilization
- present day Pakistan. Height of their culture was in 2500 BCE and it collapsed in 200 BCE. Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were the greatest achievements of the Indus valley civilization. Used the Dravidian language and first to cultivate cotton
- The Goths
- Germanic people who first settled in Northern Europe outside the Celtic and Roman strongholds.
- Pompeii
- Located on Bay of Naples, was buried under ash and debris during the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 CE. Gave an unparalelled view of city's structure and furnishing. Roman town walled with seven gates.
- When and where did Homo Sapiens Sapiens colonize?
- Asia, Africa, Polynesia
- The Mahabharata
- Events between 1000 - 700 BCE, one of the two greatest epics and longest poem showing social structure and values of time. Civil war between branches of same family myth, speculation, folklore, moral teaching, political reflection. Life, death, family, warfare, duty, and power and includes Bhagavad Gita "Song of God"
- Vandals
- Barbarians who invaded the Roman empire, moved into Spain, the Vandal kng Geisseric moved into Northern Africa captured Carthage and was not defeated
- Chronolgy of Chinese dynasties
- Xia,Chang, Zhou, Han
- consul
- at highest level, held power that extended over all Roman lands. Two majestics with high civil and military authority, nominated by senate and voted by people of popular assembly, they could veto each other. Held office one year.
- Temple mound towns of the Mississippi Valley
- served as elaborate ritual funerals, hierarchical society, social and political organization, elite burial, residence for chiefs, and temples. Cahokia was largest mound town.
- Rome and its relation to ancient Greece
- Wars and punic wars. Cultures were closely related with clothing styles, language, religion, art, literature, and culture. Gods were same but with different names. Some Greek states in the Eastern Medditeranean were under Roman control
- When did synthetic practice of agriculture begin?
- 15,000-10,000 BCE
- Asoka
- Grandson of Chandra Gupta. great Mauryan Buddhist emporer of nineteenth century who wrote on pillars in Sanskrit.
- Ancient Egypt
- was ruled and conquered by many civilizations starting from 3100 BCE throught 2600 years. It was under foreign rulein 525 BCE and then conquered by Persia, followed by Alaxander the Great in 323 BCE, Rome in 30 BCE, and by Arabs in 641 BCE. Islam was the dominant language