4/24 intro parasites part 1
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- 5 Main types of Parasites
- Protozoa, Trematode, Cestode, Nematode, Arthropod
- What type of parasite are Naegleria fowleri and Entamoeba histolytica?
- Amoeba(Protozoa)
- Naegleria fowleri
- free living amoeba, highly fatal infections, may cause rapidly progressing fatal meningoencephalitis
- Entamoeba histolytica
- "true parasite", highly pathogenic, invasive disease, worldwide
- Intestinal and extraintestinal diseases caused by E. histolytica
- Diarrhea, Toxic megacolon, Liver brain lung abscesses
- What type of parasite is Balantidium coli?
- Ciliate(Protozoa), intestinal parasite
- Clinical manifestation of Balantidium coli
- often asymptomatic, may cause diarhea
- Animal reservoir of Balantidium coli?
- Pigs
- distribution of balantidium coli
- worldwide
- Clinical manifestation of Toxoplasmosis(Bith and Long Term)
- Birth: Hydorcephalis, intracranial calcification, chorioretinitis; Long term: Deafness, visual impairment, learning disability
- What type of organism is Toxoplasma gondii?
- sporozoite
- How may an adult be infected with toxoplama?
- fecal oocyst from cat, or tissue cyst from pig
- What type of organism is Babesia
- sporozoite
- where is babesia found
- NE USA
- where does babesia replicate(in body)
- RBC
- CM of Babesia(Babesiosis)
- initial fever, chill, malaise; later hemolytic anemia and renal failure
- What transmits Plasmodium
- mosquitos
- Plamodium is the causitive agent of⬦
- malaria
- where does plamodium replicate
- RBC's
- what is the 6th most important infectious disease in the WORLD??
- Leishmaniasis
- Three major forms of Leishmaniasis
- Visceral, Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous
- L. donovani
- Visceral Leishmaniasis
- L. tropici and L. mexicana
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- L. braziliensis, L. peruviana
- Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
- What is the vector for Leishmania⬦
- Sandfly
- What classification is Leishmania
- flagellated protozoa
- where are most leishmania cases located
- Rural and urban areas
- what is the reservoir
- in rural area: canines and rodents; in urban area: human
- Geographic distribution?
- see map in slides⬦but appears mainly N. Africa, Central and South America, eurasia
- Visceral Leishmaniasis
- 90% cases occur in Inida, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, Brazil
- CM of Visceral Leishmaniasis
- Fever, prostration, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss, anemia, ascities; liver failure; high mortality rate
- Geographic distribution of mucocutaneous L.
- South Texas, SE Mexico, Central and South America
- CM of Mucocutaneous Leishmanias
- lesion begins at bite site, then invades nearby mucocutaneous areas; may lead to destruction of mucous membrane of nose, mouth, throat
- Geographic distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Mediterranian, Equitorial Africa, Middle East, India, China
- CM of cutaneous leishmaniasis
- Small papule at bite site, will progress to a large ulcer, upon healing leaves a large scar
- Pathogenesis of Leishmania
- sandfly injects promastigote into skin, then these are phagocytized by macrophages, and tranformed into amastogotes in the phagolysosome(these are resistant to lysosomal enzyme, and grows in macrophage, then infected cell dies releases amastigote which infects other macrophages
- Diagnosis of Leishmania
- Serology, ID amastigote forms in tissue
- Treatment of Leishmania
- Antimony compounds(from the CDC)
- Another parasitic flagellate that is found worldwide, causes diarrhea and malabosorption
- Giardia lamblia
- another parasitic flagellate that is found worldwide, is spread sexually and causes genital infections
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- another parasitic flagellate that is a blood parasite that causes African sleeping sickness
- Trypanosoma brucei
- What kind of organism are Schistosomes
- Parasitic Trematode, aka..Fluke, 1cm, complex lifecycle
- How may an adult be infected with Schistosomes?
- What kind of diseases are associated with schistosomes
- What is the intermediate host of schistosomes/
- snails(freshwater usually)
- Fasciola hepatica
- liver fluke
- CM of fasciola hepatica
- chronic intermittent biliary obstruction and inflammation
- Schistosoma sp.
- blood fluke
- CM of schistosoma sp.
- abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, bloody diarrhea
- Paragonimus westerinani
- oriental lung fluke
- CM of Paragonimus westerinani
- chronic cough, hemoptysis
- S. haematobium
- visible spine, urinary schistosomiasis
- S. mansoni
- visible spine, intestinal
- S. japonicum
- spine not visible, Asian intestinal schistosomiasis
- Acute CM of Schistosomiasis
- flu-like illness due to immune response bc of egg production
- Chronic CM of Schistosomiasis
- due to immune response to eggs, walling off lesion interferes with organ function
- Treatment of Schistosome
- Praziquantel
- 5 methods to control schistosomes
- 1) Educatie about acquiring disease 2) improve sanitation 3)Bio-control agents 4)molluscidies 5)Drain marsh areas
- 4 examples of parasitic cestodes
- Taenia saginata(beef ), Taenia solium(pork), Echinoccous granulosis, Echniococcus multilocularis
- cestode morphology
- scolex, proglottids, egg
- taenia solium(pork tapeworm) intermediate host
- pigs
- taenia solium definitive host
- human
- neurocysticercosis
- invasion of larval form into CNS(oncospheres arise from ingested eggs migrating through intestine wall, enxyst in tissue in body, mature in 3mths)
- CM of neurcysticercosis
- seizures, hydrocephalus, cranial nerve damage, visual impairment
- cestodes
- tapeworm, up to 1meter long, complex life cycle
- Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis
- CT & MRI, serologic test for anti-cysticercal AB
- Treatment of neurocysticercosis
- "Praziquantel, albendazole(according to wikkepedia this blocks parasitic glucose uptake by interrupting microtubular function)